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NINE.TLLNTH  CLNTURY 

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By 

JAML5    MAIN    DIXON 

M.A.  (St.  Andrews).  F.R.S.-(Ldin.) 


BE.RKLLLY.  CALIFORNIA 
1906 


60749 


Printed  at  the  State  Printing  Office,  Sacramento. 
W.  W.  SHANNON,  Superintendent. 


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CONTLNTS. 


Page. 
(CHAPTER  I.     INFLUENCES  BEARING  UPON  LITERARY  PRO- 
DUCTION  -        -        - 5 

j  II.    SCOTTISH      PUBLISHERS,       JOURNALS,      AND 

EDITORS 17 

^  III.     THE  LANGUAGE         -------  23 

IV.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: 

L  EARLY  ENGLISH  TEXT  SOCIETY'S  PUBLI- 
CATIONS: SCOTTISH  AUTHORS         -         -  25 

2.  SCOTTISH  TEXT  SOCIETY'S  PUBLICATIONS        25 

3.  INDIVIDUAL  AUTHORS  FROM  1750       -        -  26 

/^  4.  MISCELLANEOUS  PUBLICATIONS:  COLLEC- 

v>s.  TIONS  OF  BALLADS,  SONGS,   PROVERBS, 

ETC. 36 


V 


^ 


5.  PHILOSOPHERS     -------  38 

6.  HISTORIANS        -        - 42 

7.  SCOTTISH  LITERARY  HISTORY     -        -        -  47 

8.  CELTIC  LITERATURE     -----  51 


A  5URVLY  OF  SCOTTISH  LITLRATURL 
IN  THL  NINLTLLNTH  CLNTURY. 


CHAPTER  I. 


INFLULNCL5  BLARING  UPON  LITLRARY 
PRODUCTION. 


•  At  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  owing  to  vari- 
ous causes,  the  Scottish  capital  might  perhaps  be  termed  the 
focus  of  literature  in  the  British  isles.  The  isolation  of  the 
Anglican  Church  in  Europe,  its  antagonism  on  tlie  one  hand 
to  Roman  Catholicism,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  non-episco- 
pal reformed  churches,  had  a  chilling  effect  on  literature. 
With  all  his  greatness,  Samuel  Johnson  was  singularly  con- 
tracted in  his  principles  of  judgment,  and  prejudiced  in  his 
outlook.  Moreover,  the  English  universities  were  so  situated 
as  to  be  out  of  the  main  current  of  the  nation,  being  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  capital,  and  located  in  suburban  towns.  The 
very  fact  that  politics  in  English  life  exercised  so  complete  a 
sway  was  deadening  to  literature,  for  excessive  devotion  to 
politics  tends  immediately  to  localism  and  provincialism. 

But  in  the  northern  capital,  which,  as  the  home  of  a  sepa- 
rate national  church  assembly  and  organization  and  of  a 
separate  national  law  system,  had  never  ceased  to  continue 
the  high  literary  traditions  of  the  Scotland  of  the  Stuarts, 
politics  had  ceased  to  be  a  main  issue.  The  statesman, 
Viscount  Melville,  whose  statue  on  a  high  pillar  decorates  one 
of  the  most  elegant  squares  in  the  capital,  and  who  gives  his 
name  to  other  important  streets,  was  all  powerful,  and  carried 
in  his  pocket  the  disposal  of  all  political  preferment.  The 
thoughts  of  Scotchmen  at  this  period  did  not  run  on  politics 
in  any  local  sense. 

Aspiring  young  men  were  given  a  career  by  being  drafted 
abroad  to  India  and  other  dependencies  of^the  Crown,  whence 


6  SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

they  usually  returned  after  middle  age  with  fortunes,  to  spend 
the  remainder  of  their  lives  at  home.  This  element  has  had 
quite  a  bearing  on  Scotch  social  and  literary  life.  Not  to 
mention  others,  Laurence  Oliphant,  diplomatist  and  writer, 
and  Arthvir  J.  Balfour,  statesman  and  author,  come  of  this 
"  nabob"  strain. 

\There  were,  then,  in  the  year  1809  four  distinct  elements  in 
Scotch  life,  ready  to  influence  thought,  society,  and  literary 
production  : 

(1)  The  old  aristocratic,  Jacobite  stock,  associated  with 
Catholic  ideals.  To  it  we  owe  the  survival  of  ballad  literature. 
The  Baroness  Nairne  was  an  excellent  type  of  the  Jacobite 
lady,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott's  sympathies  lay  wholly  with  this 
stock.  It  represented  the  hereditary  principle  in  life,  the 
fighting  national  spirit,  and  the  race  type. 

(2)  The  rationalizing  clergy  and  legal  fraternity,  including 
university  professors  and  government  officials.  They  were 
keenly  alive  to  French  influences.  Dr.  William  Robertson, 
Adam  Smith,  Dugald  Stewart,  Dr.  Thomas  Brown,  and,  gener- 
ally, the  founders  in  1802  of  The  Edinhurgh  Review  belonged 
to  this  class.  They  prided  themselves  on  their  cosmopolitan- 
ism, and  freedom  from  cant  and  prejudice. 

(3)  The  militant  Evangelical  clergy,  of  the  Andrew 
Thomson  type,  including  some  sturdy  seceders,  like  Thomas 
McCrie  and  John  Jamieson. 

(4)  The  Highland  Celtic  population,  which,  until  1745,  was 
virtually  outside  the  pale  of  Edinburgh  influence,  and  became 
specifically  Protestant  only  in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Had  Burns  lived,  he  would  have  drifted  into  association 
with  the  second  group,  among  whom  he  counted  most  of  his 
friends.  As  it  was,  the  founding  of  a  professorship  of  agricul- 
ture at  Edinburgh  was  mooted,  and  his  name  was  mentioned 
for  the  post.  He  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  represented  a 
current  tendency;  and  his  imitators  have  been  a  remarkably 
feeble  set.  He  rather  summed  up  previous  forces;  but  he  was 
antagonistic  to  those  mentioned  under  groups  3"  and  4. 

Several  regiments  in  the  Peninsular  army  of  Wellington 
were  officered  by  Highlanders  who  preferred  to  speak  Celtic 
at  mess.     This  marks  the  return  of  Celtic  ideals  into  the  main 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.  ( 

national  life.  These  army  officers,  returning  to  their  early 
homes,  exercised  a  civilizing  and  unifying  influence.  Before 
the  Forty-five,  the  Celtic  connection  between  Scotland  and 
Ireland  was  unbroken,  but  thereafter  the  Scotch  and  Celtic 
Gaels  became  unintelligible  to  one  another.  Scottish  Celtic 
literature,  as  independent  of  Irish,  ])egins  with  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  In  1809  was  published  P.  Turner's 
enlarged  edition  of  Ronald  MacDonald's  Collection  of  Gaelic 
Poems  (1776)..  With  the  breaking  up  of  the  clan  system  after 
1745,  a  new  school,  dealing  with  love  and  nature,  sprang  up, 
and  thrust  aside  the  old  personal  poetry  of  the  bards.  All 
Gaelic  verse  depends  far  more  on  its  form  than  on  its  matter; 
and  the  melody  dominates  the  logic.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
how  this  new  element  will  affect  literary  forms,  since  the 
measures  preferred  by  the  Celts  differ  radically  from  those 
appealing  to  Saxon  ears. 

The  century  therefore  opened  with  an  almost  complete 
assimilation  of  the  people  of  the  Northwest,  who  were  now 
ready  to  take  their  place  with  the  Lowlanders  in  the  universi- 
ties, the  church  covmcils,  the  government  services,  and  else- 
where. The  universities  had  begun  to  receive  a  steady  infiux 
of  Highland  students. 

Only  two  of  the  universities  remained  wholly  Scottish  in 
their  student  constituency.  Glasgow  has  ever  been  a  univer- 
sity for  the  Protestant  North  of  Ireland.  Francis  Hutcheson, 
the  founder  of  the  Scottish  school  of  philosophy,  Lord  Kelvin, 
James  Bryce,  the  historian  and  statesman — among  many 
others — may  be  mentioned  as  of  North  of  Ireland  stock.  Wales 
and  Northwest  England  also  sent  a  regular  contingent  of  stu- 
dents to  Glasgow.  Prof.  Henry  Jones,  for  instance,  successor  to 
Edward  Caird  in  the  chair  of  Moral  Philosophy,  is  a  Welsh- 
man, who  went  northward  to  the  Ch^de  for  his  higher  education. 

Edinburgh  began  the  century  as  a  cosmopolitan  city  edu- 
cationally, and  has  continued  to  be  such,  especially  in  her 
medical  schools.  Aberdeen  and  St.  Andrews,  however,  have 
remained  Scottish.  As  graduate  schools,  none  of  them  have 
developed.  A  close  connection  was  set  up  between  Glasgow 
and  Oxford  by  the  Snell  Exhibitions  which  drafted  her  best 
students,  after  graduation,  to  the  banks  of  the  Isis,  and  made 
Balliol    College  virtually  a   graduate  school  for  the  West  of 


b  SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Scotland.  Adam  Smith  was  a  Snell  Exhibitioner  (though 
he  felt  unhappy  and  out  of  place  in  Oxford) ;  and  the  dis- 
tinguished Scotchmen  who  have  followed  him  and  gained  by 
the  change  are  very  numerous:  Sir  William  Hamilton,  Arch- 
bishop Tait  of  Canterbury,  John  Campbell  Shairp,  Lord  Presi- 
dent Inglis,  John  Nichol,  George  Douglas  Brown,  author  of 
The  House  with  the  Green  Shutters,  and  others. 

Similar  scholarships  were  founded  at  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, and  also  at  St.  Andrews  and  Aberdeen,  which  drafted 
graduates  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  The  professorate  at  the 
different  universities  has  been  largely  made  up  of  men  who 
were  thus  doubly  trained.  The  connection  between  Aberdeen 
and  Cambridge  is  close,  Aberdeen  for  a  long  time  having  a 
particularly  efficient  professor  of  mathematics,  who  prepared 
a  succession  of  young  Aberdonians  for  success  in  the  South. 

The  country  practically  ceased  to  educate  her  aristocracy, 
who  went  south  to  Eton,  Harrow,  and  the  English  public 
schools,  and  thence  to  Cambridge  and  Oxford.  The  standard 
of  living  at  the  national  universities  was  thus  kept  low,  and 
they  became  thoroughly  democratic.  While  giving  up  her 
aristocracy,  however,  to  England  to  educate,  she  received  in 
return  English  Dissenters,  like  Thomas  Spencer  Baynes,  who 
were  debarred  from  their  own  universities  by  the  Test  Act. 
This  contingent  gave  a  valuable  thinking  element  to  the 
universities. 

The  Duke  of  Argyle,  father  of  the  present  Duke  and  author 
of  the  Reign  of  Law  and  other  works — whose  autobiography 
has  just  been  published  (1906) — was  a  student  at  Edinburgh 
University,  early  in  the  forties.  In  the  seventies,  under  his 
auspices  as  Chancellor,  a  hall  was  founded  at  St.  Andrews 
University  after  the  model  of  the  Oxford  colleges,  and  he  sent 
some  of  his  sons  to  study  there ;  as  did  the  Marquis  of  Bread- 
albane,  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  the  Earl  of  Southesk,  and  other 
noblemen.  The  institution  was  short-lived,  but  in  a  literary 
way  has  not  been  unproductive.  Andrew  Lang  was  a  resident 
— the  most  prolific  pen  among  modern  Scottish  litterateurs. 
Lord  Archibald  Campbell,  another  St.  Andrews  Hall  student, 
established  the  "Argyleshire  Series,"  to  which  we  owe  several 
excellent  books,  notably  J.  G.  Campbell's  Waifs  and  Strays  of 
Celtic  Tradition. 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.  9 

Close  as  has  been  the  relation  between  the  universities  and 
literature,  it  has  been  of  an  amateurish  and  not  systematic 
kind.  Professors  of  Law  and  Logic,  of  tlie  Latin  and  Greek 
Classics,  and  of  Theology  have  often  devoted  their  chief  labors 
to  literary  production.  At  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
century  there  was  a  chair  of  Rhetoric  and  Belles-Lettres  at 
Edinburgh  University.  It  was  founded  in  1762,  and  W.  E. 
Aytoun,  author  of  the  inimitable  Bon  GavUicr  Ballads,  and  of  ' 
Lays  of  the  Scottisli  Cavaliers,  became  its  occupant  in  l.S4o. 
He  was  followed  by  David  Masson,  a  rugged  writer  and  thinker 
of  the  Carlyle  type,  but  not  a  stylist;  and  Masson  was  followed 
in  1895  by  George  Baintsbury,  who  has  given  us  perhaps  the 
best  compendium  of  English  literature  available  for  college 
purposes,  besides  authoritative  work  in  French  literature.  His 
assistant,  G.  Gregory  Smith,  who  received  his  later  training  at 
Oxford,  is  the  most  systematically  equipped  teacher  of  the 
subject  at  present  in  the  Scottish  universities.  He  has  done 
much  for  the  Scottish  Text  Society,  founded  in  1882,  as  general 
editor,  and  has  written  The  Days  of  James  IV.,  and  Specimens 
from  Middle  Scots,  the  first  compendium  of  the  kind  for  college 
use,  on  the  basis  of  Morris's  Selections  from  Early  English 
Writers. 

Glasgow  University  established  a  chair  of  English  Litci-a- 
ture  in  1862,  and  its  first  occupant  was  John  Nichol,  a  man  of 
literary  gifts  and  judgment,  himself  an  author.  He  contrib- 
uted the  Byron  volume  to  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  series, 
and  the  introductory  sketch  of  Burns  in  the  fine  Scott  Douglas 
edition  of  the  poet  (Edinburgh,  Paterson,  1896).  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  A.  C.  Bradley,  late  Professor  of  Poetry  at  Oxford, 
w4io  resigned  in  1900  after  two  years'  service;  and  Mr.  Brad- 
ley's place  was  taken  by  the  distinguished  literary  critic, 
Walter  Raleigh,*  an  Edinburgh-Oxford  man,  for  several  years 
Professor  in  University  College,  Liverpool.  His  Milton,  Wonls- 
ivorth,  and  Stevenson  are  in  the  best  traditions  of  the  Scottish 
literary  school  of  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
He  has  been  succeeded  by  ^\'illiam  Macneile  Dixon,  a  graduate 
of  Trinity  College,   Dublin,   trained  under   Edward   Dowden. 

*  Walter  Raleigh  left  for  Oxford  in  1904,  to  become  Professor  of  English 
Literature  and  Language  there;  and  in  1906,  A.  C.  Bradley  was  succeeded  in 
the  cliair  of  Poetry  at  Oxford  by  John  W.  Mackail,  an  Ayrshire  student,  and 
a  graduate  of  Edinburgh  and  Oxford  universities. 


10         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Rhetoric  is  still  attached  to  the  chair  of  Logic  at  Glasgow, 
and  this  was  no  dead  letter  in  John  Veitch's  time. 

There  was  no  separate  chair  of  English  Literature  at  St. 
Andrews  University  until  the  very  close  of  the  century, 
although  Dundee  University  College,  founded  in  1887,  and 
affiliated  to  St.  Andrews  University  in  1897,  had  and  has  a 
separate  chair.  Under  Professors  Spalding  and  Baynes, 
however,  English  literature  did  not  suffer  neglect.  The  first 
occupant  of  the  separate  chair.  Rev.  A.  Lawson,  D.D., 
appointed  in  1897,  has  since  edited  The  Poems  of  Alexander 
Hume  for  the  Scottish  Text  Society.  William  Knight,  who 
occupied  the  chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  from  1877  to  1902,  has 
contributed  much  to  current  literature,  notably  by  his  Works 
of  William  WordswortJi  and  Dorothy  Wordsworth,  12  vols. 
(1896-7). 

As  Principal  of  the  United  College,  St.  Andrews  University, 
a  post  which  he  held  along  with  the  Professorship  of  Poetry 
at  Oxford,  John  Campbell  Shairp  did  much  for  literary  criti- 
cism, and  something  in  the  line  of  literary  production.  John 
Tulloch,  Principal  of  St.  Mary's  College,  was  also  rather  a 
literar}'  man  than  a  theologian.  He  wrote  Rational  Theology 
and  Christian  Philosophy  in  the  XVIItli  Century,  and  a 
biography  of  Pascal. 

W .  A.  Craigie,  a  St.  Andrews  man,  now  associated  with  Dr. 
J.  A.  H.  Murray  and  Henry  Bradley  in  the  editing  of  the 
great  Oxford  Dictionary,  has  published  a  Primer  of  Burns, 
which  supplies  some  new  and  useful  philological  material. 
He  has  given,  through  the  Scottish  Review,  several  timely 
articles  on  Scandinavian  topics,  thus  returning  to  a  field  that 
lay  open  before  John  Jamieson  at  the  beginning  of  last  cen- 
tury, when  he  was  working  at  his  dictionary. 

Aberdeen  University  has  contributed  in  the  nineteenth 
century  less  than  any  other  of  the  Scottish  universities  to  the 
department  of  English  literature.  In  Burns  literature,  for 
example,  where  Edinburgh  has  produced  contributions  by 
Carlyle,  J.  G.  Lockhart  (also  a  Glasgow  University  man),  Alex- 
ander Smith,  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Scott  Douglas,  and  others; 
where  Glasgow  has  given  us  the  critical  writings  of  Nichol,  as 
well  as  tlie  famous  Burns  Concordance ;  where  St.  Andrews 
has  given  us  Shairp's  volume  in  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters" 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IK   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         11 

series,  W.  A.  Craigie's  Primer,  and  T.  F.  Henderson's  excellent 
work  in  the  Centenary  Edition;  Aberdeen  can  claim  nothing, 
except  that  J.  Stuart  Blackie,  an  Aberdeen  man  who  became 
an  Edinburgh  professor,  wrote  the  life  of  Robert  Burns  in  the 
"  Great  Writers  "  series.  English  Literature  remained  attached 
to  Logic  at  the  University  until  1894,  when  the  Chalmers  chair 
was  founded.  Professor  William  Minto  (ob.  1893)  was  author 
of  two  compendiums  of  literature,  Manual  of  Enijliah  Prone 
Literature  (1872)  and  Characteristics  of  English  Poets,  neither 
of  them  contributions  to  Scottish  literary  criticism.  His 
Literature  in  the  Georgian  Era  appeared  posthumously.*  Yet 
he  preferred  to  keep  the  chair  of  Logic  at  the  time  of  the 
division  of  the  chairs. 

The  century  opened,  then,  with  professors  of  English  Lit- 
erature and  lecturers  at  each  of  the  four  universities,  and 
excellent  immediate  prospects  at  both  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh; 
but  much  need  of  systematic  philological  work  to  strengthen 
the  hell es-lett res.  For  instance,  the  new  material  in  the  Henley 
and  Henderson  Poetry  of  Robert  Burns,  showing  how  Scotland 
received  poetical  forms  from  France  and  carried  them  on  while 
they  were  suffered  to  die  out  in  England,  should  have  come 
direct  from  the  universities.  In  etymology  there  is  to-day  no 
strong  school  in  any  of  the  four. 

If  we  now  consider  literary  productions,  topographically,  we 
find  that  the  country  has  various  districts  which  have  never 
failed,  from  generation  to  generation,  to  produce  able  men. 
From  "True  Thomas"  onward,  the  vale  of  Tweed  has  sent 
forth  its  quota;  and  Edinburgh  University  and  city  have  drawn 
them  thither.  Next  come  the  men  of  Galloway  and  the  vale 
of  Nith,  large  of  stature,  with  a  strong  Celtic  race  element  in 
them.  Brythonic  and  not  Goidhelic.  They  have  also  tended 
Edinburgh-ward.  The  vale  of  Clyde — Ayrshire,  Renfrewshire, 
Lanarkshire,  Dumbartonshire— is  the  old  home  of  the  Strath- 
clyde  Celts,  in  touch  by  water  with  the  Gaels  of  Argylcshire; 
and  Glasgow  is  their  natural  metropolis.  And  yet  the  ancient 
burgh  of  Paisley  near  by  has  not  been  effaced,  but  has  ever  kept 

*The  above  remarks  on  Aberdeen  XTniversity  sbould  perhaps  be  (lualified. 
Spalding,  George  MacDonald  the  novelist,  David  Masson,  and  Hill  Burton 
the  historian,  among  others,  came  from  Aberdeen  halls;  and  Aberdeen  is 
doing  her  full  share  in  contributing  to  the  .Sro//w/i  Text  Societ;/  Y>uh\\cui\ons. 
See  also  under  Bibliography,  VI,  Historians. 


12      SCOTTISH  literati;re  in  the  nineteenth  centiky. 

asserting  herself,  in  u  literary  way.  This  Strathclyde  district 
was  the  home  of  militant  Evangelicalisn),  so  distasteful  to 
Burns;  it  was  also  the  home  country  of  Wallace  and  of  Bruce, 
national  Scottish  heroes;  as  well  as  the  historic  seat  of  the 
Covenanters.  Waldensian  Lollards  are  said  to  have  settled 
there  in  mediaeval  times,  and  they  have  left  a  legacy  of  song 
as  a  heritage. 

Next  comes  a  preeminently  Scottish  country,  where  more  of 
the  pure  Pictish  clement  remains  than  anywhere  else;  more 
ballad  lore ;  more  quaint  burghs ;  more  of  Scotland  as  she 
appeared  in  Stuart  times  under  French  architecture  and 
Franco-Flemish  influences.  This  is  the  "kingdom"  of  Fife, 
with  a  university  of  her  own,  St.  Andrews,  and  an  easy  access 
by  water  to  Leith  and  Edinburgh. 

Immediately  to  the  north  lies  one  of  the  most  productive 
districts,  intellectually  speaking,  of  Scotland,  with  its  ancient 
abbey  of  Arbroath  and  its  cathedral  of  Brechin ;  strongly 
Scandinavian  in  the  temper  of  its  people,  especially  of  the 
fisher  folk,  who  are  so  well  described  in  Scott's  Antiquary. 
North  of  it  lie  Kincardine,  the  home  of  the  noble  Keiths,  whom 
Burns's  ancestors  served  in  peace  and  war,  and  Al)erdeen, 
which  retained  more  hereditary  Episcopalians  than  any  county 
in  Scotland.  Its  two  colleges,  King's  and  Marischal,  have 
always  been  active  educational  centers.  An  Aberdeen  profes- 
sor, Henry  Scougal,  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
wrote  a  book,  The  Life  of  God  in  the  Sovl  of  Man,  which  was  to 
influence  profoundly  Oxford  religious  men,  and  have  a  special 
effect  on  both  the  Wesleys.  Banffshire  and  Elgin  have  supplied 
Aberdeen  tFniversity  with  a  steady  stream  of  good  students. 
In  Perthshire,  the  home  of  the  Drummonds,  Jacobitism  and 
Jacobite  song  were  once  strongly  in  evidence;  it  was  Carolina 
Nairne's  county. 

Stirlingshire  and  the  vale  of  Forth  natvirally  sujiply  Edin- 
burgh with  her  best  men.  East  Lothian,  the  home  of  William 
Dunbar,  of  John  Major,  and  of  John  Knox,  has  been  producing 
leading  men  in  almost  every  generation. 

[/Scotland  has  been  exploited  for  us  topographically  by  novelist 
and  story-teller  since  the  time  of  Scott,  whose  own  romances 
are  a  storehouse  of  local  description: — Lanarkshire  in  Old 
Mortality:  Glasgow  and  West  Stirlingsliire  in  Rid)  Rnj/ :  Dum- 


SCOTTISTT   I:ITKir\TrHE  IN   THF:    XINETEENTH   CENT[-RY.  13 

fries  aiul  the  Solway  in  (In  1/ Ma ii mri mi  -mhI  li'cihin u ntlrt  :  the 
Tweed  district  in  The  MonaMery  and  Tlir  lihirl-  Ihvarf ;  For- 
farshire in  The  Antiquary ;  Kinross  and  West  Fifeshire  in  The 
Ahhol  :  tlie  shores  of  the  Tay  mid  Fife  in  The  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth :  Edinburgh  in  The  Heart  of  Midlotliian  and  Gvy  Man- 
nerirnj :  Perthshire  in  Warerley ;  the  far  Shetlands  in  The 
Pirate:  and  the  list  might  be  enlarged  from  his  romances  in 
verse. 

Scott  has  been  followed  by  John  Gait,  who  gives  us  Ayrshire 
in  The  Provost  and  The  Ayrshire  Legatees;  by  George  Mac- 
donald,  who  describes  Aberdeenshire  and  the  Northeast  in  Alec 
Forbes  of  Hoivglen,  Robert  Falconer,  and  David  ElginbroiJ :  l)y 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  who  deals  with  the  Perthshire  high- 
lands and  the  Northwest  in  Kidnapped ,  and  with  Edinburgh 
and  Peeblesshire  in  Weir  of  ITerwiston;  by  Samuel  R.  Crockett, 
who  exploits  South  Ayrshire  in  The  Grey  Man  of  Avchendrane, 
and  Galloway  in  The  Men  of  the  Moss  Hags ;  by  Mrs.  Oliphant, 
who  reproduces  the  quaint  gray  coast  of  Fife  in  Katie  Stewart ; 
by  William  Black,  who  gives  us  the  Hebrides  in  A  Princess  of 
Thule  and  Argyleshire  in  Macleod  of  Dare;  by  Neil  Munro, 
wlio describes  Inverary  audits  neighborhood  in, John  Splendid ; 
and  by  David  Gilmour,*who  reproduces  for  us  the  weavers  of 
Paisley  in  his  The  Pev  Foil-.  The  list  might  be  extended 
indefinitely. 

A  magnet  w^hich  has  attracted  literarv  men  to  Scotland  has 
been  the  triennial  election  by  Scottish  university  students  of 
their  Lord  Rector.  It  brought  back  Thomas  Campbell  to  his 
own  university  and  city  in  1827;  he  had  left  Scotland  for  the 
southern  capital  in  his  twenty-sixth  year  just  as  The  Edin- 
burgh Review  was  founded.  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay  had 
also  this  connection,  in  1849,  with  Glasgow  University.  There 
were  two  other  bonds  of  connection:  his  father,  Zachary 
Macaulay,  was  a  Scotchman  from  the  shores  of  the  Clyde; 
and  in  1839  he  himself  became  a  member  of  Parliament  for 
Edinburgh,  thus  representing  a  Scottish  constituency.  Other 
distinguished  Lord  Rectors  have  been  Lord  Beaconsfield  and 
John  Bright  at  Glasgow;  Gladstone,  Carlyle,  and  Stafford 
Northcote  at  Edinburgh;  John  Stuart  Mill,  Froude,  Dean  Stan- 
ley, and  Lord  Selborne  at  St.  Andrews;  and  James  Bryce  and 
Lord  Rosebery  at  Aberdeen.     The  addresses  of  these  men  have 


14         SCOTTISH    LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTl'RY. 

frequently  been  replete  with  interest  to  students  of  the  national 
literature;  for  instance,  Dean  Stanley's  rectorial  address  in  1875 
led  to  a  notable  discussion  on  Scottish  ecclesiastical  history 
in  which  Principal  Robert  Rainy  took  a  prominent  part. 

From  the  time  of  Dugald  Stewart,  Scotland  became  a  recog- 
nized center  of  philosophic  thought,  and  her  universities  con- 
stantly drew  students  from  England  and  elsewhere.  During 
the  nineteenth  century,  no  professor  of  philosophy,  not  a 
native,  or  at  least  home-trained,  was  to  be  found  at  any  one  of 
the  four  universities.  Things  have  changed  since  the  opening 
of  the  twentieth  century,  the  two  recent  appointments  to  St. 
Andrews  University  being  exceptions  to  the  old  custom.  Henry 
Frederick  Stout,  who  succeeded  David  George  Ritchie  in  the 
chair  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  in  1903,  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  England,  and  was  trained  at  Cambridge  University  under 
James  Ward;  and  Bernard  Bosanquet,  who  succeeded  in  the 
same  year  to  the  chair  of  Moral  Philosophy,  held  successively 
})y  Ferrier,  Flint,  and  Knight,  was  educated  at  Harrow  School 
and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  is  also  a  native  of  the  north 
of  England. 

There  has  been  a  give-and-take  in  Scottish  and  American 
university  relations.  The  first  President  of  Princeton  had  a 
marked  influence  upon  Scottish  thought,  as  we  know  from  the 
tribute  Thomas  Chalmers  paid  to  Jonathan  Edwards;  an 
influence  perhaps  more  marked  than  that  exercised  upon  his 
own  countrymen.  In  the  year  1868  Scotland  gave  a  President 
to  the  New  Jersey  institution,  who  proved  a  signal  success. 
James  McCosh  was  a  brilliant  student  under  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  receiving  in  1834  the  distinction  of  an  honorary 
M.A.  degree  at  Edinburgh  for  philosophic  speculation.  Another 
student  of  Sir  William  Hamilton's,  John  Clark  Murray,  crossed 
to  Queen's  College,  Canada,  in  1861,  and  was  transferred  eleven 
years  later  to  McGill  University,  Montreal.  He  was  succeeded 
there  in  1903  by  another  Edinburgh  student,  William  Caldwell, 
author  of  a  valuable  work  on  Schopenhauer.  At  Queen's,  now 
a  university,  Dr.  Murray  was  succeeded  by  John  Watson, 
trained  at  Glasgow  under  Edward  Caird.  James  Seth,  brother 
of  Andrew  Seth  Pringle-Pattison,  successor  of  Alexander 
Campbell  Eraser  at  Edinburgh,  lield  for  six  years  the  chair 
of  Philosophy  at  Dalhousie  College,  Nova  Scotia,  and  was 
transferred  in    1892  to  Brown  University  at  Providence.     On 


SCOTTISH   LITERATURE   IX    THE   NINETEENTH   CENTIRV.  15 

the  death  of  Henry  Calderwood,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Moral  Philosophy  at  Edinburgh  University.  Robert  Mark 
Wenley,  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  was  trained  under 
Edward  Caird  at  Glasgow;  and  Thomas  Davidson,  who  Ije- 
longed  to  the  Hegelian  set  at  St.  Louis,  in  which  William 
T.  Harris,  until  recently  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education,  was 
a  leading  spirit,  was  trained  at  Aberdeen  University.  David- 
son's recent  death  has  called  forth  an  appreciative  memoir 
(1905)  from  the  pen  of  Prof.  C.  M.  Bakewell,  late  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California,  and  now  of  Yale  University. 

At  Edinburgh  University,  the  union  of  exact  science  with 
theology  has  been  close  since  the  days  of  Thomas  Chalmers 
and  Hugh  Miller.  To  this  combination  we  owe  The  Unseen 
Universe  of  Professors  Peter  Guthrie  Tait  and  Balfour  Stewart, 
published  in  1875,  and  Henry  Drummond's  Natural  Laiv  in 
the  Spiritual  World.  The  two  brothers  Geikie,  Sir  Archibald 
and  James,  have  united  geological  research  with  lighter  forms 
of  literature  and  an  excellent  literary  style.  Sir  Archibald 
Geikie's  Scottish  Reminiscences  (MacLehose,  1904)  is  racy  of 
the  soil. 

The  "Kailyard  School,"  as  it  has  been  nicknamed  liy  the 
Bohemian  Henley,  is  a  literary  development  having  a  senti- 
mental-religious flavor,  perhaps  to  be  traced  back  to  certain 
passages  in  Burns's  Cofter^s  Saturday  Night.  Christopher 
North  indulges  freely  in  "kailyard"  sentiment  in  his  LigJits 
and  Shadows  of  Scottish  Life;  it  is  full-blown  in  Ian  Maclaren's 
Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier  BusJt;  and  it  is  present  in  Barrie's 
Auld  Licht  Idylls  and  A  Window  in  Tlirums.  Its  Canadian 
counterpart  exponent  is  Ralph  Connor  (Charles  W.  Gordon), 
author  of   The  Sky  Pilot  and  Blark  Rock. 

CONTINENTAL    EUROPE    IN    ITS    I.NFLUENCE    UPON    SCOTLAND. 

^t  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the  leaders  of 
Scottish  thought  were  strongly  under  the  influence  of  French 
ideals.  Francis  Jeffrey,  the  editor  for  nearly  thirty  years  of 
The  Edinburgh  Review,  had  the  virtues  and  the  defects  of  a 
French  philosophe.  Walter  Scott,  while  he  knew  and  appre- 
ciated the  value  of  German  literature,  and  translated  Biirger's 
Lenore,  married  a  Frenchwoman,  and  one  of  his  most  illumi- 
nating novels  is  Quentin  Durward,  a  French  historical  romance. 
Indeed,  Scott  comes  near  being  a  French  writer,  so  deep  is  the 


16        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

impression  tie  has  made  upon  French  literature.  Although 
Coleridge  and  his  German-loving  followers  were  in  the  Tory 
camp,  yet  Lockhart,  the  leading  pen  among  the  Tories,  made 
a  sharp  and  regrettable  attack  upon  him.  Continental  phi- 
losophy of  an  idealistic  type  was  to  come  in  with  Cousin,  a 
Frenchman,  an  article  on  whom,  written  by  (Sir)  William 
Hamilton,  was  that  philosopher's  first  contribution  to  the 
pages  of  The  Edinhur(tJi  Bcview.  When  it  appeared  Jeffrey 
declared  it  unreadable;  it  formed  part  of  his  successor's  first 
issue.  German  philosophy  was  not  to  come  in  as  a  lively 
influence  on  Scottish  thought  until  the  second  half  of  the 
century,  at  Glasgow  University,  with  the  two  Cairds.  At 
St.  Andrews  University,  Spencer  Baynes  had  translated 
Arnauld,  and  John  Tulloch  had  expounded  Pascal.  Under 
Alexander  Bain's  teaching  at  Aberdeen,  French  positivism 
became  for  a  time  dominant. 

The  comparative  study  of  Scandinavian  literature  and  the 
Scandinavian  language,  with  which  the  century  had  opened 
hopefully,  was  left  neglected.  Late  in  the  century,  a  Forfar- 
shire student,  trained  at  Edinburgh  University,  William 
Archer,  became  the  exponent  of  Ibsen,  himself  partly  Scottish 
by  descent. 

Prof.  W.  E.  Aytoun,  who  died  in  the  sixties,  was  directly 
influenced  by  German  lyric  poetry,  and  translated  the  ballads 
of  Uhland,  Goethe,  and  other  Germans.  Carlyle  and  his 
school  were  German  in  their  affinities.  Literature  received 
sonie  accessions  from  orthodox  Evangelical  students  of 
theology,  who  having  crossed  to  Germany  to  carry  on  their 
studies,  became  infected  M'ith  liberalism  in  thinking,  and  gave 
up  their  ministerial  aspirations.  William  Robertson  Smith 
represented  a  school  in  the  most  orthodox  of  the  three 
churches — now  reduced  to  two  by  union — which  was  influ- 
enced by  Wellhausen,  Kuenen,  and  other  Continental  theo- 
logians. When  removed  from  his  chair  at  Aberdeen  Free 
Church  College,  in  1881,  for  inculcating  hazardous  views,  he 
went  south  to  Cambridge,  to  be  Professor  of  Arabic  in  the 
university  there;  and  in  1887  succeeded  Thomas  Spencer 
Baynes  in  the  editorship  of  the  Enrydopedia  Briinnirira. 
Ritschl,  Pfleiderer,  and  other  prominent  German  thinkers  have 
their  exponents  to-day  in  the  several  theological  schools  of 
Scotland. 


SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IX    THE   NINETEENTH   CKNTURY 


CHAPTER    IT. 

5COTT15H  PUBLI5HLR5,  JOURNALS, 
AND  LDITOR5. 


The  leading  publisher  in  Edinburgh  at  the  opening  of  the 
nineteenth  century — known  in  the  trade  as  the  "Czar  of  Mus- 
covy"— was  Archibald  Constable.  At  the  time  when  he  coop- 
erated with  Francis  Jeffrey,  Sidney  Smith,  and  Francis  Horner 
in  founding  The  Edinhiirgh  Review  in  1802,  he  was  still  under 
thirty  years  of  age.  Until  his  failure  in  the  crisis  of  1825, 
Constable  was  regarded  as  uniting  prudence  with  extraordinary 
foresight  and  capacity.  The  biography  by  his  son,  Arrhihald 
Constable  and  his  Literary  Corres'pondenre  (3  vols.,  Edinburgh, 
1873),  is  a  mine  of  information  for  literary  investigators. 
Francis  Jeffrey,  who  was  virtually  editor  from  the  outset, 
retained  the  editorship  of  the  great  quarterly  vintil  1829,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Macvey  Napier.  Jeffrey's  Life  and  Cor- 
respondence has  been  written  by  Cockburn  (2  vols.,  Edinburgh, 
1852).  The  "self-constituted  judge  of  poesy"  became  Lord 
Advocate  in  1831 ;  helped  to  draft  the  Reform  Bill  brought  in 
by  his  party;  and  was  raised  to  the  bench  three  years  later  as 
Lord  Jeffrey.  His  essays  contributed  to  The  Edinlmrgh  Review 
have  been  published  in  a  separate  volume.  Chief  among  his 
contributors  for  several  decades  was  the  versatile  Henry 
Brougham,  who  left  the  Scottish  bar  for  Westminster  in  1808, 
but  continued  his  literary  connection  with  the  periodical,  and 
later  showed  extraordinary  jealousy  of  the  growing  fame  and 
influence  of  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay. 

The  Edinburgh  Review  has  a  perennial  interest  for  students 
of  English  literature,  as  having  evoked  Byron's  stinging  satire, 
English  Bards  and  Scotch  i?^V'ie(rers,  which  appeared  in  March, 
1809.     Byron  regarded  "Jeffrey  and  Lambe"* — not  to  be  con- 

*  George  Lamb  was  English-bred,  having  been  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  His  brother,  the  statesman,  attended  classes  at 
Glasgow  University.  Lamb  afterwards  became  friendly  with  Byron,  and 
collaborated  with  him  in  producing  plays. 

2 — SL 


18         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN    THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

founded  with  his  elder  brother,  William  Lamb,  later  Viscount 
Melbourne — as  the  ''  alpha  and  omega,  the  first  and  last,"  of 
the  great  periodical.  The  only  university  professor  whom  he 
attacked  was  Pillans,  then  a  tutor  at  Eton.  The  university 
and  its  set  were  from  the  first  friendly  to  the  "  Buff  and  Blue," 
giving  it  moral  and  practical  support: — Dugald  Stewart, 
Thomas  Brown,  Sir  David  Brewster,  John  Playfair,  John 
Leslie,  and  Sir  William  Hamilton. 

Thomas  Chalmers  early  contributed  to  its  pages.  So  also 
did  Thomas  Carlyle,  whose  essays  on  Jean  Paul  Richter  and 
on  Burns  first  saw  the  light  in  its  columns.  These  two  are 
familiar,  having  been  reprinted  in  his  Miscellanies ;  but  he  also 
wrote  on  Montaigne,  Montesquieu,  Sir  John  Moore,  Nelson, 
Mungo  Park  the  explorer,  and  the  two  Pitts. 

Constable  was  a  Whig;  and  the  Tories,  becoming  emulous, 
decided  to  have  an  organ  of  their  own.  There  w^as  another 
bookseller  in  the  northern  capital,  of  Tory  proclivities,  two 
years  Constable's  junior.  William  Blackwood  had  published 
for  the  author  of  ]Vaverley  the  first  series  of  Tales  of  My  Jjand- 
lord,  and  he  was  Edinburgh  correspondent  for  John  Murray 
of  Albemarle  street,  London,  the  "  Emperor  "  of  the  trade.  In 
the  spring  of  1817  there  appeared  The  Edinburgh  Monthly 
Magazine,  followed  in  the  autumn  by  Blackwood''s  Edinhurgh 
Magazine.  The  first  issue  of  Blackwood''s  caused  a  ferment, 
through  the  caustic  and  scorpion-like  Translation  from  an 
Ancient  Chaldee  Manuscript .  With  John  Wilson,  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,  and  other  brilliant  contributors  on  its  editorial  staff, 
the  success  of  "  Maga  "  was  assured.  In  its  pages  appeared, 
from  1822  to  1835,  the  inimitable  Nodes  Amhrosianse.  In  1825 
Lockhart  went  to  London  to  become  editor  of  The  Quarterly 
Review.  The  story  of  Blackwood^ s  Magazine  and  its  publishers 
has  been  told  at  length  by  Mrs.  Oliphant  in  her  two  volumes, 
William  Blacktoood  and  His  Sons  (Edinl)urgh,  1897). 

The  brothers  Chambers,  William  and  Robert,  rose  to  promi- 
nence as  Edinburgh  publishers  in  the  third  decade  of  the 
century.  In  1832  they  founded  Chambers's  Jonrnal,  a  weekly, 
and  later  a  monthly,  which  has  done  much  in  a  popular  way 
for  the  promotion  of  literature.  For  a  short  time  James  Payn, 
the  English  novelist,  had  charge  of  the  Journal.  The  Vestiges 
of  Creation,  by  Robert  Chambers,  published  anonymously  in 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         l!) 

1844,  had  ii  powerful  influence  on  the  religious  thought  of  the 
time,  and  is  supposed  to  have  left  its  traces  upon  Tennj^son's 
In  Memoriam.  Their  English  Literature,  The  Book  of  Days, 
Information  for  the  People,  Enijlish  Dictionary,  Bioffraphiral 
Dictionary  of  Eminent  Scotsmen,  and  other  works  of  reference 
are  well  known.  Chambers's  Encyclopedia,  the  first  edition  of 
which  was  completed  in  1866,  appeared  in  a  third  edition  in 
1893 — a  model  of  literary  form.  The  story  of  the  lives  of  the 
two  brothers  is  told  in  Memoir  of  William  and  Robert  f'haio- 
bers  (13th  edition,  1884). 

Associated  with  the  Chambers  brothers,  and  chiefly  respon- 
sible for  the  success  of  their  Englisli  Litcrafnre,  was  H.  Car- 
ruthers,  the  able  editor  of  The  Inverness  Courier,  a  native  of 
1  )umf  riesshire. 

James  Hogg,  the  "Ettrick  Shepherd,"  became  in  1810  editor 
of  The  Spy,  a  journal  published  in  Edinburgh. 

Another  enterprising  Edinburgh  bookseller,  David  Douglas, 
started  in  1844  a  quarterly  of  high  merit.  The  NortJi  British 
Review,  meant  to  serve  as  an  organ  of  the  Evangelical  party. 
Its  first  editor  was  Dr.  Welsh,  colleague  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Chalmers  in  the  Divinity  Hall  of  Edinburgh  University,  and 
Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland 
in  the  year  of  the  Disruption.  It  was  he  who  led  the  way  on 
that  historic  day  in  May,  1843,  when  four  hundred  ministers 
of  the  Church  filed  out  of  St.  Andrew's  church,  Edhiburgh, 
and  formed  a  new  church  organization,  known  as  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland.  Welsh  survived  only  a  short  time,  and 
was  succeeded  in  the  editorship  by  William  Hanna,  a  native 
of  the  North  of  Ireland,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Chalm- 
ers and  later  wrote  his  biography.  After  three  years  in  the 
work,  he  handed  it  over  to  Alexander  Campbell  Eraser,  then  in 
the  New  College,  Edinburgh.  Thereafter  two  professors  in  the 
same  college,  Dr.  John  Duns  and  Dr.  William  Blaikie,  were  its 
editors.  Changing  hands  and  policy  in  1869,  it  was  discon- 
tinued two  years  later.  Many  excellent  articles  are  to  be 
found  in  its  pages. 

Hugh  Miller's  work  as  editor  of  The  Witness  at  Edinburgh 
(1840-1856)  must  not  be  overlooked.  In  its  columns  first 
appeared  his  delightful  studies  entitled  TJie  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone. 


20         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

The  publishers  Black — Adam  and  his  nephew  Charles — 
having  gained  control  of  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica  in  1829, 
brought  out  a  ninth  edition  in  1875-1889,  with  Thomas  Spen- 
cer Baynes,  Professor  of  Logic  and  English  Literature  at  St. 
Andrews  University,  as  its  editor.  Baynes  was  an  English- 
man from  near  Bristol,  who  had  studied  under  Sir  William 
Hamilton  at  Edinburgh,  and  had  been  his  favorite  pupil. 
Most  of  his  staff  were  Scotchmen.  Its  excellence  has  received 
world-wide  recognition. 

Thomas  Nelson  founded  at  Edinburgh  a  publishing  house 
which  has  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  Evangelical  party  in 
Scotland,  and  for  many  years  brought  out  The  Family 
Treasury,  a  predecessor  and  contemporary  of  Good  Words  and 
The  Sunday  at  Home^  of  which  Norman  Macleod  and  Thomas 
Guthrie  respectively  were  editors.  The  firm  now  publishes  an 
excellent  weekly.  The  Scottish  Review  and  Christian  Leader. 
For  fourteen  years,  during  a  disturbed  period  (1832-1846), 
Taii''s  Magazine  at  Edinburgh  represented  the  advanced  school 
of  politics. 

In  the  eighteenth  century  Glasgow  became  famous  for  the 
high  quality  of  its  printing.  The  brothers  Foulis,  Robert  and 
Andrew,  closely  associated  with  Adam  Smith  and  his  col- 
leagues at  Glasgow  University,  published  editions  of  the  Latin 
and  Greek  classics,  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  and  of  other 
standard  works,  which  remain  marvels  of  excellence  and  cor- 
rectness. Their  work  was  carried  on  by  Andrew  Foulis,  Jr., 
who  died  in  1829,  an  impoverished  and  disappointed  man. 
The  Foulises  strove  to  rival  the  Etiennes  and  Elzevirs  of  the 
Continent.  Hedderwick  and  Son  succeeded  to  their  reputation 
as  printers. 

In  William  Motherwell's  time.  Paisley  was  a  center  of  con- 
siderable literary  activity.  Motherwell  was  himself  a  native 
of  Glasgow,  but  had  relatives  in  Paisley,  where  he  received  his 
training  as  a  lawyer.  In  1828  he  undertook  the  editorship  of 
The  Paisley  Advertiser,  along  with  the  management  of  The 
Paidey  Magazine.  Two  years  later  he  removed  to  Glasgow  to 
edit  The  Glasgow  Courier,  which  he  conducted  till  his  death  in 
1835.  One  of  his  friends  and  associates  was  John  Donald 
Carrick,  who  contributed  a  Life  of  Sir  William  Wallace  to 
Constable's  Miscellany,  served  as  sub-editor  of  the   The  Scots 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         21 

Times,  and  as  editor  of  The  Day,  both  Glasgow  periodicals; 
and  later  as  editor  of  The  Perthshire  Advertiser  and  The 
Kilmarnock  Journal.  Carrick  also  contributed  to  The  Scottish 
Magazine,  before  his  early  death  in  183o.  Another  friend, 
Alexander  Rodger,  author  of  the  song  Behave  yourself  before 
folk,  quoted  in  the  Nodes  Amhrosianse,  was  attached  to  The 
Glasgow  Chronicle  and  The  Reformers'  Gazette.  Along  with 
James  Ballantine,  Imlah,  Malone,  Thoni,  and  others,  they 
brought  out  in  1853  a  collection  of  songs,  under  the  whimsical 
title,  Whistle- Bin kie,  the  projector  and  publisher  bein^  David 
Robertson;  and  a  prose  collection,  The  Laird  of  Logan,  which 
deals  with  Scottish  humor  of  all  kinds  and  varieties.  The 
musician  of  the  group  was  R.  A.  Smith,  to  whom  Scottish 
music  is  indebted  for  many  fine  melodies. 

While  Scottish  publishers  were  active  in  their  native  land, 
their  record  across  the  border  was  also  a  remarkable  one.  It 
begins  with  the  names  of  John  Pinkerton  and  of  John  McMur- 
ray,  father  of  John  Murray,  of  Byron  fame,  known  as  the 
"Emperor"  of  the  British  book  trade.  Both  of  them  went 
south  to  London  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  were  followed  by  others  of  their  countrymen  in  the  same 
profession.  James  Fraser  from  Inverness  was  one  of  these, 
who,  having  succeeded  as  a  bookseller  in  Regent  street,  London, 
started  in  1830  Fraser's  Magazine,  wherein  appeared  some  ten 
years  later  Carlyle's  Heroes  and  Hero  Worsliip.  Through  its 
pages  John  Skelton,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Shirley,"  made 
himself  known  to  the  public.  The  last  editor  of  Eraser's  was 
Principal  John  Tulloch,  who  accepted  the  task  in  1876;  but 
it  was  soon  afterwards  discontinued.  The  Macmillan  firm, 
known  everywhere  for  its  educational  and  literary  publica- 
tions, was  founded  by  two  natives  of  the  isle  of  Arran  in  the 
Clyde,  Daniel  and  Alexander  Macmillan,  who  crossed  the 
border  to  find  careers  in  England,  and  settled  in  Cambridge. 
It  has  been  represented  for  many  years  in  the  magazine  world 
by  Macmillan''s  Magazine. 

Reference  is  made  elsewhere  in  this  survey  to  the  active 
Paisley  firm  of  Alex.  Gardner,  which  brought  out  The  Scottish 
Review,  and  has  been  prolific  in  the  publication  of  scholarly 
works  on  Scottish  themes.  Dr.  William  Metcalfe,  editor  of  this 
quarterly  during  the  eighteen  years  of  its  existence,  has  made 


r 


22         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

valuable  contributions  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Scottish  Text 
Society.  The  publishers  of  The  Dundee  Advertiser,  Sir  John 
Leng  &  Co.,  have  for  many  years  conducted  a  weekly  for  the 
home  entitled  The  People's  Friend,  which  has  a  circulation  in 
both  hemispheres;  James  Payn  saw  in  its  pages  his  first 
printed  article. 

The  Glasgow  firm  of  MacLehose,  founded  by  James  Mac- 
Lehose,  a  friend  of  Daniel  Macmillan's,  is  associated  with 
publications  of  a  high  standard. 

The  associates  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  founded,  in  1888, 
at  Edinburgh,  The  Scots  Observer,  later  known  as  The 
National  Observer,  and  William  Ernest  Henley  was  summoned 
north  to  conduct  it.  James  Barrie  and  Andrew  Lang  became 
valuable  assistants  of  the  enterprise,  and  the  publication  in  its 
columns,  in  1889,  of  Rudyard  Kipling's  Barrack  Boom  Ballads 
proved  a  hit.  After  a  brilliant  and  stormy  career  of  six  years, 
it  changed  its  ownership  and  policy. 

The  popularity  of  the  Wee  Macgreegor  (1903)  of  J.  J.  Bell, 
editor  of  one  of  the  Glasgow  evening  dailies,  continued  the 
literary  vogue  of  Glasgow  journalism.  William  Wallace  of 
the  same  city,  editor-in-chief  of  the  powerful  Glasgow  Herald, 
is  the  capable  editor  of  the  four-volume  edition  (1892)  of 
Chambers's  Life  and  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  and  has  also 
edited  Burns  and  Mrs.  Dunlop  (1898),  from  MSS.  in  the  library 
of  the  late  Robert  Borthwick  Adam  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


SCOTTISH    I.ITEKATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         23 


CHAPTER  TIT. 

THL  LANGUAGE,. 


The  appearance  of  Dr.  John  Jamieson's  Preface  to  his  Scottish 
Dictionary  (1808)  happened  at  a  time  when  there  was  a 
revival  of  interest  in  the  literature  of  Scotland  both  in  the 
little  kingdom  itself  and  in  England,  largely  through  Bishop 
Percy's  labors  and  the  publication  of  Macpherson's  Onsicni. 
The  interest  still  remained  seventeen  years  later  when  the  sup- 
plemental volume  appeared.  There  were  living  at  the  time  of 
its  publication,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  David  Laing,  George  Chalm- 
ers, John  Pinkerton,  Robert  Jamieson,  Dr.  Robertson,  and 
Dr.  McCrie.  A  cultured  Lowland  Scottish  was  then  spoken  in 
the  drawing-rooms  of  Edinburgh.  The  Dictionary  had  a 
curious  history.  What  first  set  Jamieson  to  work  was  the 
remark  made  in  a  Forfarshire  manse  by  Grim  Thorkelin,  Pro- 
fessor of  Antiquities  in  Copenhagen,  that  the  Scottish  language 
was  not  a  dialect,  but  in  fact  more  ancient  than  English,  and  a 
branch  of  Scandinavian. 

Jamieson's  work  is  more  than  a  mere  register  of  words  and 
their  meanings.  It  is  a  literary  repository  of  folklore,  institu- 
tions, manners,  customs,  and  antiquities.  A  new  and  enlarged 
edition  appeared  in  1879-1887,  under  the  supervision  of  David 
Donaldson,  aided  by  Dr.  Longmuir  (Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley); 
and  a  later  fifth  volume  has  since  followed. 

Jamieson,  who  lived  in  a  district — Forfarshire — strongly 
Scandinavian  in  population,  minimized  the  Anglo-Saxon 
element  in  the  Scottish  language,  and  tried  to  show  that  it 
belonged  rather  to  the  Danish-Norwegian  group.  Scholars 
have  not  supported  Jamieson  in  this  contention,  nor  in  his 
referring  the  Picts  to  a  Scandinavian  origin. 

Dr.  Charles  Mackay,  among  varied  activities,  published  in 
1877  The  Gaelic  and  Celtic  Etymology  of  the  Lanrjuafirs  of 
Western  Europe;  in  1882,  The  Poetry  and  Hnmour  of  the  Scotch 
Language:  and  in  1888  A  Dictionary  of  l^owland  Scotch  —  some- 
what superficially  treated. 


24        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

A  Scottish  scholar,  serving  on  the  editorial  staff  of  Dr. 
Murray's  Oxford  Dictionary,  has  recently  done  something  to 
revive  this  study  of  Scandinavian  sources,  for  long  discour- 
aged and  neglected  in  this  particular  connection : — W.  C.  Craigie 
in  his  Scandinavian  Folliore,  Illustrations  of  the  Traditional 
Beliefs  of  the  Northern  Peoples  (Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley  and 
London,  1896). 

The  first  half  of  the  century  was  a  period  of  steady  Angli- 
canizing,  when  Scotchmen  tried  their  best  to  lose  their  Cale- 
donian peculiarities.  Thence  sprang  up  a  spurious  affected 
English,  known  popularly  as  "  Princes  Street"  or  "  Kelvinside." 

With  the  second  half  of  the  century  there  was  noticeable  an 
opposite  swing  of  the  pendulum.  Peter  Hately  Waddell,  of 
Glasgow,  translated  the  Psalms  of  David  into  what  he  con- 
sidered Scottish  (1870);  and  in  1901  the  Rev.  William  Wye 
Smith  followed  witli  the  New  Testament  Scotticized.  It  is  a 
well-executed  piece  of  work;  but  the  fact  that  the  Authorized 
Version  of  King  James  has  for  nearly  three  centuries  been  in 
every  Scottish  home  and  read  in  every  Scottish  pulpit,  establish- 
ing a  standard  of  propriety  in  religious  phraseology,  makes  all 
such  attempts,  at  best,  mere  tours  de  force.  The  writers  of  the 
"Kailyard"  school  have  been  accused,  and  with  some  justice, 
of  having  turned  plain  English  into  a  spurious  Scotch  for 
mere  literary  effect. 

In  1873,  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  now  of  Oxford,  published,  in 
pamphlet  form,  his  The  Dialect  of  the  Southern  Counties  of 
Scotland,  which  has  not  been  superseded,  but  is  unfortunately 
out  of  print.  For  many  years  Dr.  Murray  and  other  scholars 
made  contributions  in  the  field  of  Scottish  literary  remains  to 
the  publications  of  The  Early  English  Text  Society.  ■ 

The  recent  completion  of  Prof.  Joseph  Wright's  monumental 
English  Dialect  Dictionary,  which  pays  full  attention  to  Scot- 
tish forms,  is  a  boon  to  students  of  the  language.  Scottish, 
or  Northern  English,  as  he  prefers  to  call  it,  has  been  taught 
systematically  for  several  years  at  Johns  Hopkins  University 
by  Prof.  W.  Hand  Browne,  not  himself  a  Scotchman. 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTl'RY.         25 

CHAPTER   IV. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


I.     LARLY  ENGLISH  TLXT  SOCIETY'S  PUBLICATIONS: 
SCOTTISH  AUTHORS. 

Lauder^s  Compendioxts  Tractate  ov  the  Deictie  of  Kvn(fs.  by 
F.  Hall.     1864. 

Hume's  Orthographie  and  Congniify  of  the  Britaii  ToiKjue 
(about  1617),  by  H.  B.  Wheatley.     1865. 

Merlin,  by  H.  B.  Wheatley.  1865,  1866,  1869.  Part  III 
(1869)  contains  an  essay  on  Arthurian  localities,  with  a  map 
of  Arthurian  Scotland,  by  J.  Stuart  Glennie.  Published 
separately,  with  preface,  index,  etc.,  by  Messrs.  Edmonston 
and  Douglas,  Edinburgh.  Southern  Scotland  is  here  termed 
the  "  New  Hellas,"  the  "  land  of  literary  romance,"  the  real 
scene  of  Arthur's  exploits  and  of  his  death  on  the  shores  of 
the  Forth. 

Sir  David  Lindsay's  Works,  by  F.  Hall.  1865,  1866,  1868, 
1869.  4  vols.  Volume  V  (1871)  contains  Professor  Nichol's 
Sketch  of  Scottish  Poetry,  referred  to  elsewhere.  The  editor  of 
Volume  IV,  containing  Lindsay's  Minor  Poems,  is  Dr.  J.  A.  H. 
Murray. 

Bernardus  de  cura  rei  familiaris,  with  Some  Early  Scottish 
Prophecies,  by  J.  Rawson  Lumly,  late  Fellow  of  Magdalen 
College,  Cambridge.     1870. 

William,  Lauder^ s  Minor  Poems,  by  F.  J.  Furnivall. 

The  Bruce,  compiled  by  Master  John  Barbour,  1575;  edited 
by  Walter  W.  Skeat.     1870-1889. 

Romance  and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Erceldoune;  with 
Illustrations  from  the  Prophetic  Literature  of  the  loth  and  16th 
Centuries,  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray.     1875. 

II.    SCOTTISH  TEXT  SOCIETY'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

Between  the  death  of  Mr.  David  Laing  (1878)  and  the 
formation  of  the  Scottish  Text  Society  (1883)  Mr.  Small  did 
much  to  "foster  a  taste  for  Scottish  literature  and  to  spread  a 


26         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

knowledge  of  it."  He  was  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Banna- 
tyne  Club,  and  acted  as  its  editor.  He  edited  Knox,  Lindsay, 
and  Henryson,  and  was  busy  with  Wyntoun  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  His  work  on  Dunbar  was  carried  to  completion  by 
the  Rev.  W.  Gregor,  LL.t). 

The  following  are  some  of  the  more  notable  publications : 
The  Actis  and  Deidis  of  the  lUustere  and  Vailzeand 
Campinun  Schir  William  Wallace,  Knic.ht  of  Ellerslie,  by 
Henry  the  Minstrel,  commonly  known  as  Blind  Harry.  Edited 
by  James  Moir,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Aberdeen  Grammar  School. 
Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh,  1889.     For  the  Scottish  Text 

Society. 

The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar.  Edited  by  the  late  John 
Small,  LL.D.,  Librarian  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
Introduction  by  Mne&s  J.  G.  Mackay.  Appendix  by  G.  P. 
McNeill,  Advocate,  On  the  Versification  and  Metres  of  Dunhar. 
Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh,  1893.  For  the  Scottish  Text 
Society. 

Other  volumes  of  interest  are: 

Scottish  Alliterative  Poems,  in  Riming  Stanzas.  Edited  with 
introduction,  appendix,  notes,  and  glossary,  by  F.  J.  Amours, 
French  Master  in  the  High  School  of  Glasgow.  Blackwood  & 
Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1897.  For  the  Scottish  Text 
Society. 

The  Gtule  and  Godlie  Ballatis.  Reprinted  from  the  edition 
of  1567.  Edited  with  introductions  and  notes  by  A.  F. 
Mitchell,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  St.  Andrews. 
Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1897.  For  the 
Scottish  Text  Society. 

The  Neio  Testament  in  Scots,  being  Purvey's  Revision  of 
Wycliffe's  Version,  turned  into  Scots  by  Murdoch  Nisbet 
(c."  1520).  Edited  by  Thomas  Graves  Law,  LL.D.  Vol.  I 
(1900),  Vol.  II  (1902).  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and 
London.     For  the  Scottish  Text  Society. 

111.     INDIVIDUAL  AUTHORS  FROM   1750. 

Robert  Fepgusson  (1750-1774),  regarded  with  so  much 
esteem  by  Robert  Burns  as  his  "elder  brother  in  the  misfor- 
tune" and  "by  far  my  elder  brother  in  the  Muses,"  received 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         27 

full  iitteiition  from  editors  during  the  following  centur}'.  The 
last  year  of  the  eighteenth  century  closed  with  two  editions: 

Poevu  on  \'(irions  Subjects,  by  Robert  Fergusson.  Tullis, 
Cupar-Fife,  1880. 

W(yrkfi  of  Rolx'rt  Fergusson,  with  life,  by  David  Irving.  Chap- 
man &  Lang,  Glasgow,  1800. 

These  were  followed  by  numerous  other  editions:  \V.  &  J. 
Deas,  Edinburgh,  1805;  Oliver  &  Co.,  Edinburgh,  1806;  Oddy, 
London,  1807,  with  life  by  Alexander  Peterkin;  A.  Macpher- 
son,  London,  1809,  with  life  by  James  Bannington;  William 
Scott,  Greenock,  1810;  AVilliam  Bisland,  Glasgow,  1821;  Fair- 
bairn  iS:  Anderson,  Edinburgh,  1821,  with  life  by  Rev.  James 
Gray;  Neilson,  Paisley,  1825;  W.  &  R.  Channbers,  Edinburgh, 
1840;  A.  Fullarton  &  Co.,  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Dublin, 
1879;  and  Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1900,  with  memoir  and 
notes  by  Robert  Ford. 

RobBPt  Burns  (1759-1796).  There  are  now  about  nine  hun- 
dred separate  editions,  complete  or  selected,  of  the  poems  of 
the  Ayrshire  bard.  At  Kilmarnock,  in  Scotland,  a  yearly 
Chronicle  is  published.  A  remarkably  complete  collection  of 
Burnsiana  has  been  made  by  William  R.  Smith,  of  the  Botan- 
ical Garden,  Washington,  D.  C,  which  includes  the  library 
that  belonged  to  the  poet,  mostly  in  duplicate.  Its  final 
destination  is  the  large  Carnegie  Library  and  Museum  at 
Pittsburgh. 

The  recognized  editions  of  Burns  are: 

Dr.  Currie's  The  Works  of  Eohert  Burns,  in  four  volumes, 
with  an  account  of  his  life  and  a  criticism  of  his  writings. 
Liverpool,  1800.  An  American  edition  appeared  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  in  Philadelphia. 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Roheri  Burns.  Aldine  Edition.  With 
a    memoir  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas.     Pickering,  London,    1830. 

Allan  Cunningham's  The  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  in  eight 
volumes,  with  his  life.     Cochrane  &  ISIcCrone,  London,  1834. 

Hogg  and  Motherwell's  The  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  in  five 
volumes.     Fullarton  &  Co.,  London,  1836. 

Alex.  Whitelaw's  The  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  with  a  com- 
plete life  of  the  poet,  and  an  essay  on  his  genius  and  character, 
by  Professor  Wilson.     Blackie  &  Son,  Glasgow,  1846. 

Robert  Chambers's   The  Life  and  Works  of  Robert  Btirns,  in 


28         SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IX   THE   XIXETEEXTH   CEXTURY. 

four  volumes.  W.  &  R.  Chambers,  Edinburgh,  1851.  This 
edition,  revised  and  partly  rewritten  by  William  Wallace  of 
Glasgow,  appeared  in  1892,  and  ranks  with  the  very  best.  For 
several  years  Mr.  Wallace  lived  in  the  Burns  country,  being 
classical  master  at  Ayr  Academy. 

George  Gilfillan's  The  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Bvrns,  with 
memoir,  critical  dissertations,  and  explanatory  notes.  Xichol, 
Edinburgh,  1856.  An  edition  appeared  in  1864,  of  which 
Charles  Cowden  edited  the  text.  An  edition  de  luxe  recently 
appeared  in  London. 

Alexander  Smith's  The  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  with 
glossarial  index  and  a  biographical  memoir.  Macmillan,  Edin- 
burgh, 1865.  This  edition  is  reproduced  in  the  Golden  Treasury 
Series,  and  appears  with  the  letters  in  the  Globe  Edition,  both 
issued  by  the  same  publishing  house. 

William  Gunnyon's  The  Complete  Works  of  Robert  Burns. 
Nimmo,  Edinburgh,  1866. 

W.  Scott  Douglas's  The  Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Robert 
Burns,  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  earliest  publication. 
McKie,  Kilmarnock,  1871.  A  later  edition,  which  came  out  in 
1877-9,  includes  both  poems  and  prose;  in  six  volumes,  royal 
8vo,  with  portraits,  vignettes  and  frontispieces  from  drawings 
by  Sam  Bough,  W.  E.  Lockhart,  and  others.  A  third  edition 
appeared  in  1891  (W.  Paterson,  Edinburgh).  This  is  perhaps 
the  best  librarj"  edition. 

W.  M.  Rossetti's  The  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Burns,  illus- 
trated by  John  Moyr  Smith.  In  Moxon's  Popular  Poets. 
London,  1879. 

J.  Logic  Robertson's  Burns;  Selected  Poems.  Clarendon 
Press,  Oxford,  1889. 

Henley  and  Henderson's  The  Poetry  of  Robert  Burns,  with 
etchings  by  William  Hole.  In  four  volumes.  T.  &  C.  -Jack, 
Edinburgh,  1896.  This,  known  as  the  Centenary  Edition,  con- 
tains the  celebrated  biographical  essay  by  W.  E.  Henley,  which 
received  in  1898  the  £50  literary  prize  for  the  best  production 
of  the  year. 

A.  Lang  and  W.  A.  Craigie's  The  Poems  and  Songs  of  Robert 
Burns.     Methuen  &  Co.,  London,  1896. 

The  Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Burns.  Cambridge 
Edition.  (This  is  an  abridgment  of  the  Centenary  Edition  of 
Henlev&  Henderson.)    Houghton,  Mifflin  e^'  Co.,  Boston,  1897. 


SCOTTISH   IJTERATIRE   IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTTRY.         29 

The  Complete  Works  of  Robert  Biirna,  in  twelve  volumes. 
Gebbie,  Philadelphia,  1898.  This  is  the  American  etHtion  ite 
luxe. 

John  G.  Dow's  Poems  of  Robert  Bvrns.  In  the  Athenaeum 
Press.     Ginn  &  Co.,  Boston,  1899. 

Hanson's  Representative  Poems  of  Robert  Ihirns,  with  Car- 
lyle's  essay.     Ginn  &  Co.,  Boston,  1904. 

The  following  are  notable  biographies,  essays,  and  other 
Burnsiana: 

J.  G.  Lockhart's  The  Life  of  Robert  Burns.  Constable,  p]din- 
burgh,  1828.  This  biography  called  forth  the  celebrated  essay 
by  Carlyle,  which  appeared  in  the  columns  of  The  Edinburgh 
Review. 

John  Campbell  Shairp's  Robert  Burns.  In  "English  Men 
of  Letters''  series.     Macmillan,  London,  1879. 

John  Stuart  Blackie's  The  Life  of  Robert  Burns,  with  bibli- 
ography by  -J.  P.  Anderson.  In  "Great  Writers"  series. 
Walter  Scott,  London,  1888. 

J.  B.  Reid's  Complete  Word  and  Phrase  Concordance  to  the 
Poems  and  Songs  of  Burns.  Kerr  &  Richardson,  Glasgow, 
1889. 

W.  A.  Craigie's  A  Primer  of  Burns,  with  bibliography. 
Methuen  &  Co.,  London,  1896. 

Burns  and  Mrs.  Dunlop.  Edited  by  William  Wallace. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  New  York,  1898. 

Gabriel  Setoun's  Burns.  In  "Famous  Scots"  series.  Oli- 
phant,  Edinburgh.  1900. 

Sip  Walter  Scott  (1771-1832).  Editions  of  The  Waverley 
Novels  published  during  the  nineteenth  century  are  numerous. 
In  Edinburgh  appeared:  The  Author's  Favourite  Edition,  48 
vols.,  1830-1834,  usually  esteemed  the  best;  the  Cabinet  Edition, 
25  vols.,  1841-1843;  the  Abbotsford  Edition,  12  vols.,  1842-1847; 
the  People's  Edition,  5  vols.,  1846;  the  Library  Edition,  25  vols., 
1852-1853;  the  Railway  Edition,  25  vols.,  1854-1860;  the  Illus- 
trated Roxburghe  Edition,  48  vols.,  1859-1861;  the  Centenary 
Edition,  25  vols.,  1870-1871;  and  the  Pocket  Edition,  1873. 

In  London  appeared:  The  Handy  Volume  Edition,  25  vols.. 
1877;  the  Edition  de  Luxe,  illustrated,  w^ith  original  engravings 
by  A.  Marie,  F.  Lix,  M.  Riou,  and  H.  Scott,  1882;  and  a  thirteen- 
volume  edition  in  1883-84. 


30         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH    CENT!  BY. 

In  Boston,  U.  8.  A.,  there  appeared  in  1829,  in  43  vols., 
Parker's  second  edition.  [Mr.  J.  P.  Anderson's  list  is  defective 
in  regard  to  American  editions.] 

The  following  editions  of  his  poetical  works  may  l)e  noted: 
■  The  Poetical  Worh  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Edited  by  J.  G.  L. 
With  an  appendix.     12  vols.     Edinburgh,  1833-34. 

The  Poetical  Workii  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  With  memoir  and 
critical  dissertation  by  George  Gilfillan.  3  vols.  Edinburgh, 
1857. 

The  Globe  Edition.  With  a  biographical  and  critical 
memoir  by  F.  T.  Palgrave.     Macmillan,  London,  1866. 

A  London  edition,  1870,  edited  by  W.  M.  Rossetti,  with  a 
critical  memoir.  Another  in  Edinburgh,  1872,  with  introduc- 
tion by  W.  Spalding;  and  a  third  in  London,  1885-86,  with 
prefatory  notice,  biographical  and  critical,  by  William  Sharp, 
in  the  Canterbury  Poets. 

William  Minto's  The  Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
2  vols.     Edinburgh,  1888. 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Edited  with  revision 
of  the  text,  by  W.  J.  Rolfe.     Boston,  188S. 

The  Poetical  Work.^  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Edited  by  Andrew 
Lang.     2  vols.     The  Macmillan  Co.,  1889. 

The  Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Cam- 
bridge Edition.  Edited  by  H.  E.  Scudder.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.,  Boston,  1890. 

The  Complete  Poetical  and  Dramatic  Works  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  Riverside  Edition.  5  vols.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co., 
Boston. 

The  Poem.s  of  Scott.  In  Aldine  Poets.  5  vols.  George  Bell 
&  Sons,  London. 

Among  annotated  editions  may  be  mentioned  William 
Minto's  two  volumes.  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  and  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,  in  the  Clarendon  Press  series,  Oxford;  and 
Thomas  Bayne's  Marmion  and  The  Lord  of  the  Isles,  in  the 
same  series.  The  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  appreciation  of 
Scott  by  R.  H.  Hutton  is  one  of  the  least  successful  of  his 
literary  efforts.  Charles  Duke  Yonge  contributes  the  Scott  to 
the  "Great  Writers "  series,  which  contains  a  valuable  bib- 
liography by  J.  P.  Anderson  of  the  British  Museum.  Robert 
Chambers  published  a   Life  of  Scott,  of  which  a  new  edition, 


SCOTTISH   IJTERAT[TRE  IN    THE   NINETEENTH    CENTURY.         ".I 

with  notes  by  R.  Carruthers,  appeared  in  1871.  Professor 
Hudson,  late  of  Stanford  University,  published  in  1898  a  JAfe 
of  Scott  (Sands  &  Co.). 

X  James  Hogg  (1772-1835),  the  "Ettrick  Shepherd,"  famous 
not  only  for  his  own  works  of  genius,  but  also  through  his 
association  with  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Lockhart,  Christopher 
North,  and  the  Blackwood  set,  was  a  very  unequal  writer. 
Hogg's  Scottish  Pastorals,  Poems,  and  Songs  appeared  in  1801 ; 
The  Mountain  Bard  in  1803;  The  Queen's  Wake  in  1813.  His 
Worl-s  have  been  edited  by  Thomson  (Edinburgh,  1865).  In 
1887  there  appeared  a  Memoir  of  James  Ihnnj,  from  the  pen  of 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  Garden  (Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley);  the  second 
edition  and  edited  by  Sir  George  Douglas.  The  same  firm  has 
also  published  Hogg's  A  Tour  in  tJie  Hiijldands  in  180S. 
Charles  Rogers  published  in  1860  a  book  entitled  Ettrirk  Forest 
and  the  Ettrirk  Shepherd. 

Robert  Tannahill  (1774-1816),  the  Paisley  lyric  poet,  who 
died  by  his  own  hand  in  a  fit  of  despondency,  has  always  been 
closely  associated  with  Burns  in  the  popular  mind,  and  their 
songs  have  been  printed  together.  And  yet  Mr.  Millar,  in  his 
A  Literary  History  of  Scotland,  gives  Tannahill  Init  a  passing 
mention.  A  Glasgow  publisher,  Marr,  brought  out,  in  1883,  Tlie 
Select  Songs  of  Burns  and  Tannahill.  The  best  edition  of  Tan- 
nahill was  issued  from  the  press  of  Alex.  Gardner.  Paisley,  in 
1900:  The  Poems  and  Soyigs  of  Rol)ert  Tannahill.  with  life  and 
notes,  by  the  late  David  Semple,  F.S.A. 

John  Leyden  (1775-1811).  Leyden  edited  The  Cnmplaynt 
of  Scotland,  1801-1802.  Poetical  Remains  of  Joint  I^eyden.  with 
life,  by  Rev.  James  Morton,  1819.  Leyden^s  Poem.^  and  liallads, 
with  memoir  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1858. 

V  Thomas  Campbell  (1777-1844).  Mr.  Millar,  in  his  survey  of 
Scottish  literature,  devotes  only  a  footnote  to  Campliell.  on  the 
plea  that  the  poet  was  English  in  his  literary  career.  But  the 
poet  was  born  and  educated  in  Glasgow,  he  wrote  lite  Pleasures 
of  Hope  in  Scotland,  and  did  not  leave  his  native  country  until 
1803,_when  he  was  an  older  man  than  Keats  was  at  his  death. 
His  works  appeared  as  follows:  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  Mun- 
dell  &  Son,  Edinburgh,  1799;  Gertrude  of  Wyoming  and  Other 
Poems,   1809;    Theodoric,   1824;    The    Pilgrhn    <f    Glcnm,'   and 


-V 


32        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Other  Poems,  1842.      His  biography  appeared  in   1850:     The 
Life  (1.71(1  Letters  of  Thomas  Camp})ell,  by  William  Beattie. 

y   John    Gait    (1779-1830).       The     Ayrshire    Legatees,    1820; 
Annals  of  the  Parish,  1821;  Sir  Andrew  Wylie,  1822;.  The  Pro- 
"P      vost,  1823;   The  Entail,  1825. 

William  Tennant  (1784-1848),  Professor  of  Oriental  Lan- 
gviages  at  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews  University,  from 
1835  to  1848.  Anster  Fair,  1811;  reprint,  Edinburgh,  1871; 
Papistry  Stormhl,  or  The  Dingin'  Doun  of  the  Cathedral,  1819; 
The  Thane  of  Fife,  1822;  Cardinal  Beaton,  a  tragedy,  1823; 
John  Baliol,  1825.  His  life  was  written  by  M.  F.  Connolly  and 
published  in  1861. 

:<  John  Wilson  (1785  1854).  Pen-name,  "  Christopher  North." 
The  Isles  of  Palms,  1812;  The  City  of  the  Plague,  1816;  Lights 
and  Shadows  of  Scottish  Life,  1822;  The  Trials  of  Margaret 
Lindsay,  1823;  Poems  and  Dramatic  Works,  1825;  Recreations 
of  Christopher  North,  1842.  His  complete  works,  edited  by 
his  son-in-law,  Professor  Ferrier,  and  including  the  Noctes 
Amhrosianx,  came  out  between  1855  and  1858.  His  biography 
has  been  written  by  one  of  his  daughters,  Mrs.  Gordon.  A 
selection  from  the  Amhrosianse,  entitled  The  Comedy  of  the 
Noctes  Amhrosianse.  by  Sir  .John  Skelton,  appeared  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1876. 

,)(  John  Gibson  Loekhapt  (1794-1854).  His  productions  as 
novelist,  biographer,  and  critic  have  not  yet  lost  their  value. 
Peter''s  Letters  to  His  Kinsfolk,  2d  edition  (no  first),  3  vols., 
Edinburgh,  1819;  Ancient  Spanish  Ballads,  1821;  Essays  on 
Cervantes,  1822;  Adam  Blair,  1822;  Life  of  Robert  Burns,  1S25; 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1832-1837.  Lockhart's  biography  has 
been  written  by  Andrew  Lang,  1896. 

K  William  Motherwell  (1797-1835),  in  addition  to  writing 
ballads  and  other  poems  of  merit,  collected  much  valuable 
literary  information.  Essays  on  the  Poets  of  Renfrewshire, 
Paisley,  1819;  Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and  Modern,  with  an 
historical  introduction,  Glasgow.  1827;  Poems,  Narrative  and 
Lyrical,  David  Robertson,  Glasgow,  1832;  Poetical  Works, 
enlarged,  with  memoir  l)y  Rev.  J.  MacConechy,  Glasgow,  1849. 

A  Robert  Pollok  (1798-1827),  M.A.  of  Glasgow  University, 
1822;  orchiined  a  preacher  in   the  United  Succession  Church, 


SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         33 

May,  1827;  died  four  months  later.  The  Course  of  Tinip,  an 
epic,  1827;  81st  edition,  W.  Blackwood  &  Son,  1898.  Minor 
Poems,  with  memoir  by  his  brother  David  Pollok,  Edinburgh, 
1843. 

Hugh  Miller  (1802-1856).  Poems  Written  in  fhr  Leisure 
Hours  of  a  Journeyman  Mason,  1829;  Scenes  and  Legends  in 
the  North  of  Scotland,  1836;  The  Old  Red  Sandstone,  or  New 
Walks  in  an  Old  Field,  1845;  First  Impressions  of  EiKjlnnd 
and  Its  People,  1847;  Footprints  of  the  Creator,  1850;  My 
Schools  and  Schoolmasters,  1854;  The  Testimony  nf  the  Porks, 
1857.  Peter  Bayne  has  written  his  biography:  Th(  Life  and 
Letters  of  Hugh  Miller,  1862. 

Henry  Glassfopd  Bell  (1805-1874),  Slicrift'  of  Lanark- 
shire. Bell's  poem  on  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  found  in  school 
manuals,  has  had  no  little  effect  in  forming  the  popular  opinion 
on  the  subject.  Memoir  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  translated 
into  several  foreign  languages ;  Poem><,  1824 ;  editor  of  the 
Edinburgh  Literary  Journal  for  three  years;  Summer  and 
Winter  Hours,  1831;  My  Old  Portfolio,  1832. 

<  Susan  FeppieF  (1808-1864).    The  Inheritance,  1824;  Destiny, 
or  The  Chief^s  Daughter,  1831. 

John  Stuart  Blaekie  (1809-1895),  Professor  of  Greek  at 
Edinburgh  University.  Lyrical  Poems,  1860;  Lays  of  the 
Highlands  and  Islands,  1872 ;  Songs  of  Religion  and  Life, 
1876;  Self-Culture,  1873.  His  life  was  written  by  Miss  Stod- 
dart,  2  vols.,  1895. 

John  Brown  (1810-1882).  Horn'  Suhsecivse,  containing 
the  immortal  Rah  and  his  Friends  and  Pet  Marjorie,  1852; 
2d  series,  1861;  3d  series,  1882. 

George  Gilflllan  (1813-1878),  United  Presbyterian  Minis- 
ter, Dundee.  Gallery  of  Literary  Portraits,  3  vols.,  1845-1854; 
History  of  Man,  1856;  Lives  of  Btirns  and  Scott. 

David  Livingstone  (1813-1873),  the  great  explorer.  Mis- 
sionary Travclx,  1857;  The  Zambesi  and  its  Tributaries,  1865; 
Last  Journals,  1874. 

William  Edmonstoune  Aytoun  (1813-1865),  Professor  of 
English  Literature  at  Edinburgh  University.  Lays  of  the 
Scottish    Cavaliers,    1849;     Tales  from    Maga;    Firmilian,    a 

3— SL 


34         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Spasmodic  Tragedy,  1854;  Book  of  Ballads,  hy  Bon  Gaultier, 
reprinted  from  Fraser  and.  Taifs  Magazine,  1855;  Norman 
Sinclair,  largely  autobiographical,  18B1. 

Chaples  Maekay  (1814-1889).  Born  at  Perth;  editor  of 
The  Glasgow  Argvs  (1844-1852)  and  of  The  Illustrated  London 
Nev:s,  in  the  latter  of  which  his  popular  Songs  of  Charles 
Maekay  were  originally  published  periodically.  History  of  the 
Mormons,  a  fantastic  book  on  Gaelic  etymology. 

Margaret  Oliphant  (1818-1896).  Mrs.  Margaret  Maitland, 
1849  (a  story  laid  at  Musselburgh,  and  dealing  with  Disrup- 
tion times);  Adam,  Graeme  of  Mossgray,  1852;  Katie  Stewart 
.^  (a  story  of  Fifeshire),  1S5Q;' The  Minister's  Wife,  1869;  The 
Life  of  Edward  Lrving,  London,  1862;  The  Life  of  Principal 
Tulloch,  1888;  Thomas  Chalmers,  in  "Leaders  of  Religion" 
series,  London,  Methuen  &  Co.,  1896;  Royal  Edinburgh,  1890. 

John  Campbell  Shairp  (1819-1885),  Professor  of  Latin,  and 
later  Principal,  in  St.  Andrews  University;  Professor  of  Poetry 
at  Oxford  University.  Kilmahoe,  a  Highland  Pastoral,  1864; 
Glen  Desseray  and  Other  Poems,  Lyrical  and  Elegiac,  edited  by 
F.  T.  Palgrave,  1888;  Principal  Shairp  and  His  Friends,  by 
W.  A.  Knight,  1888. 

John  Caird  (1820  1898),  Professor  of  Divinity  at  Glasgow 
University,  and  later  its  Principal.  The  Religion  of  Common 
Life,  1885,  considered  by  Dean  Stanley  the  finest  sermon 
extant;  An  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy  of  Religion,  1880; 
Spinoza,  1888. 

George  John  Whyte  Melville  (1821-1878).  The  Queen's 
'Maries,  1862;  Songs  and  Verses,  1869;   The   True  Cross,  1873. 

James  Grant  (1822-1887).  The  Romance  of  War,  1846,  like 
his  other  productions,  has  a  strong  Jacobite  flavor,  and  is 
mostly  devoted  to  the  heroic  deeds  of  Scotchmen  abroad;  Both- 
well;  Harry  Ogilvie;  Old  and  New  Edinburgh;  memoirs  of 
Kirkaldy  of  Grange  and  of  Montrose. 

Walter  Chalmers  Smith  (1824-),  minister  of  the  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  until  1894.  Olrig  Grange;  Borland  Hall;  Raban, 
or  Life  Splinters;  Hilda  among  the  Broken  Gods,  1882;  North 
Country  Folk,  1883;  Kildrostan,  a  Dramatic  Poem,  1884;  A 
Heretic,  1896;  Ballads  from  Scottish  History,  1892. 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         35 

Geopge  Maedonald  (1824-1905).  l)ari,l  FJijlnhrod^  1862; 
Alee  Forbes  of  Howglen,  1865;  Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighbor- 
hood, 1866;  Robert  Falconer,  1868;  The  Marqvis  of  Lossie, 
1877;  TAlith,  1895;  Rampolli,  1897. 

Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchison  Boyd  (1825-1899),  Parish  Min- 
ister of  St.  Andrews;  pen-name,  "A.  K.  H.  B."  Recreations  of 
a  Country  Parson,  1859-1861;  The  Graver  Thoughts  of  a  Coun- 
try Parson,  1863;  Twenty-five  Years  of  St.  Andrews,  2  vols., 
1892:  St.  Andrewi<  and  Ehewhere,  1895;  Last  Years  of  St. 
Andrewx,  1896. 

Robert  Michael  Ballantyne  (1825-1894).  The  Young  Fur 
Traders,  1856;  Ungava,  1857;  The  Lighthouse;  Sind  other  storieB 
of  adventure,  whicli  have  been  the  pabulum  of  Scottish  youth. 

John  Ferguson  McLennan  (1827-1881).  Born  at  Inverness 
and  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Cambridge  universities;  an 
authority  oii  primitive  man.  Primitive  Marriage,  1865;  The 
Patriarchal  Theory,  1884;  Stridies  in  Ancient  History,  1896. 

David  Wing-ate  (1828-1892),  the  collier-poet,  born  at  Cow- 
den  near  Glasgow.  Poems  and  Songs,  1S62;  Annie  Ifei?-,  1866; 
Lily  Neil,  and  Other  Poems,  1879;  Poems  and  Songs,  1883: 
Selected  Poems,  1890. 

Alexander  Smith  (1830-1867).  First  wrote  in  The  Glasgow 
Citizen.  Life  Drama,  1853;  City  Poems,  1857;  A  Summer  in 
Shje,  1865;  Alfred  HagarVs  Household,  1866,  in  part  autobi- 
ographical. 

David  Gray  (1838-1861).  Ln  the  Shadows;  The  Luggie, 
1862.  His  Poems,  published  shortly  after  his  death,  contain  a 
memoir  by  Dr.  Hedderwick  of  The  Glasgow  Citizen. 

Robert  Buchanan  (1841-1891).  Undertones,  1863;  Idylls 
and  Legends  of  Inrerhurn,  1865;  North  Coast  Poems,  1867. 

Alexander  Anderson  (1845-),  the  "Surfaceman"  poet,  now 
Assistant  Librarian  at  Edinburgh  University;  born  at  Kirk- 
connel,  Dumfriesshire.  A  Song  of  Labor,  and  Other  Poems, 
1875:  TJie  "Pwo  Angels,  and  Other  Poems,  1875;  Songs  of  the 
Rail,  3d  ed.,  1881;  Ballads  and  Sonnets,  1879. 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson  (1850-1897).  Complete  Works, 
Edinburgh    edition,    28    vols.,    1894-1898;    Cornford's    Robert 


36         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Louis  Stevenson,  1900;  W.  A.  Raleigh's  Robert  Louis  Stevenson, 
an  essay,  1895;  Graham  Balfour's  The  Life  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson,  2  vols.,  New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1901. 

John  Watson  (1850-).  Pen-name,  "Ian  Maclaren."  Beside 
the  Bonnie  Brier  Bush,  1894;  The  Days  of  Auld  Lang  Syne, 
1895;  A  Doetor  of  the  Old  School,  1897;  Rabhi  Saunderson,  1898. 

Henry  Drummond  (1851-1897).  Natural  Law  in  the 
Spiritual  World,  1883;  Tropical  Africa,  1888;  The  Greatest 
Thing  in  the  World,  1890;  The  Ascent  of  Man,  1896.  His 
biography  has  been  written  by  George  Adam  Smith,  Life  of 
Henry  Drummond,  1899. 

William  Robeptson  (1849-),  Editor  of  The  Ayrshire  Post. 
The  Kings  of  .Carrick;  Historical  Tales  and  Legends  of  Ayr- 
shire; The  Lords  of  Cunningham;  Auld  Ayr;  The  Dude  Tree  of 
Cassillis;  Historic  Ayrshire;   Old  Ayrshire  Days. 

James  Matthew  Barpie  (I860-).  AuldLichLJdiHUs,  1888;  A 
Window  in  Thrums,  1889;  The  Little  Minister,  1891;  Senti- 
mental Tommie,  1896;  Margaret  Ogilvy,  1896;  The  Professor^s 
Love  Story  (drama),  1895. 

Samuel  Ruthepfopd  Cpockett  (I860-).  Dulce  Cor  (poems), 
1886;  The  Stickit  Minister,  1893;  The  Men  of  the  Moss  Hags, 
1895;  The  Grey  Man  of  Auchendrane,  1896;  The  Black  Douglas, 
1899. 

Neil  Munpo  (1864-).  The  Lost  Pibroch,  1896;  John  Splendid, 
a  Highland  Romance,  1898;   The  Paymaster's  Boy,  1899. 

Georg-e  Douglas  Brown  (1869-1902).  The  House  with  the 
Green  Shutters,  1901. 


IV.     M15CLLLANLOU5    PUBLICATIONS:    COLLECTIONS   OF 
BALLADS,   SONGS,   PROVERBS.   ETC. 

At  the  very  opening  of  the  century,  the  magnificent  ballad 
literature  of  Scotland  received  two  highly  important  addi- 
tions. Ten  years  before  there  had  appeared,  in  six  thin 
volumes,  A  Collection  of  Scottish  Ballads  (Morrison  Broth- 
ers, Perth),  1790;  but  this  publication  contained  nothing  that 
was  new.  It  was  different  with  The  Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish 
Border,  by  Walter    Scott  (Cadell  &  Davies,  London),  2  vols.. 


1 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         'M 

1802;  a  third  volume  appeared  in  1803.  Three  years  later, 
it  was  followed  l)y  Popular  Bdllads  and  Son(is,  from  tradi- 
tions, manuscripts,  and  scarce  editions,  with  translations  of 
similar  pieces  from  the  ancient  Danish  language,  by  Robert 
Jamieson  (Ballantyne,  Edinburgh),  1806.  Among  subsequent 
publications  were  the  folloAving: 

Scottish  Historical  and  Romantic  Ballads;  edited  l)y  Jolin 
Finlay.     Edinburgh,  1816. 

Campbell's  Albyn's  Antholoyy.     E(linl)urgh,  1816. 

Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and  Modern,  with  an  historical  introduc- 
tion and  notes,  by  William  Motherwell.     Glasgow,  1827. 

In  1824,  Charles  Kirkpatrick  Sharpe  had  published  A  Ballad 
Book,  reprinted  in  1880,  which,  though  of  no  great  size,  con- 
tained several  new  ballads  and  new  readings  of  old  ones;  and 
in  the  same  year  James  Maidment  published  anonymously 
The  North  Countrie  Garland.  It  was  followed  twenty  years 
later,  and  (as  was  understood)  from  the  same  source,  l)y  A 
Neiv  Book  of  Old  Ballads.     Edinburgh,  1844. 

In  the  same  year  as  Motherwell's  collection,  Kinloch  })ub- 
lished  anonymously  Ancient  Scottish  Ballads,  recovered  from 
tradition,  and  never  before  published;  with  notes  and  appen- 
dix, containing  the  airs  of  several  of  the  ballads.  Most  of  the 
fresh  material  was  from  the  North  Country. 

A  North  Country  man,  Peter  Buchan,  working  in  compara- 
tively unexplored  fields — Aberdeen  and  Banffshire  —produced 
an  excellent  compendium,  which  greatly  pleased  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  who,  but  for  failing  health,  would  have  brought  out  an 
improved  edition  of  the  work:  Ancient  Ballads  and  Songs  of 
the  North  of  Scotland,  hitherto  unpublished,  with  explanatory 
notes,  by  Peter  Buchan.     2  vols.,  8vo.     Edinburgh,  1828. 

Whistle-Binkie,  or  The  Piper  of  the  Party,  being  a  collection 
of  songs  for  the  social  circle.  David  Robertson  &  Co.,  Glasgow, 
1853. 

The  Popular  Rhymes  of  Scotland,  by  Robert  Chambers,  LL.l). 
New  edition,  much  enlarged.     London,  1870. 

The  Ballads  and  Sonys  of  Scotland,  by  John  Clark  Murray, 
LL.D.     London,  1874. 

Dr.  David  Laing's  Select  Remains  of  the  Ancient  Popular  and 
Romantic  Poetry  of  Scotland,  Edited  by  John  Small,  Librarian 
of  Edinburgh  University.    1885.     The  book  was  first  published 


60749 


38         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

in  parts,  in  1821-1822,  in  a  limited  edition  of  one  hundred 
copies. 

Edwards's  Modern  Scottish  Poets.     Brechin,  1880-1897. 

Selections  from  the  Early  Scottish  Poets.  ,  Edited  with  intro- 
duction, notes,  and  a  glossary,  by  William  Hand  Browne. 
The  Johns  Hopkins  Press,  Baltimore,  1896. 

Specimens  of  Middle  Scots.  Edited  by  G.  Gregory  Smith. 
Edinburgh,  1902. 

F.  J.  Child's  collection  of  English  and  Scottish  Popular 
Ballads,  in  5  volumes,  made  its  appearance  at  intervals 
between  1882  and  1898;  and  a  handy  one- volume  edition  has 
just  been  brought  out  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  in  their 
Cambridge  series. 

In  1898,  T.  F.  Henderson  brought  out  his  Vernacular  Scot- 
tish Literature,  and  in  the  following  year  his  Anthology  of 
Scottish  Verse.  In  1902,  appeared  his  edition  of  Scott's 
Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border. 

Tlie  Ballad  Minstrelsy  of  Scotland:  Romantic  and  historical. 
With  introduction  and  notes,  etc.,  by  Patrick  Buchan.  Col- 
lected and  annotated.     Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1901. 

William  Motherwell's  friend,  Andrew  Henderson,  brought 
out  a  valuable  Collection  of  Scottish  Proverbs,  and  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  Alexander  Hislop,  a  third  edition  of  whose  coj^ious 
Collection  appeared  at  Glasgow — entirely  revised  and  supple- 
mented—  in  1868.  Still  more  recent  is  Andrew  Cheviot's 
Proverbs,  Proverbial  Expressions,  and  Popular  Rhymes  of  Scotr 
land,  collected  and  arranged,  with  introduction,  notes,  and 
parallel  phrases.     Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1902. 

V.     PHILOSOPHERS. 

Dugald  Stewart  (1753-1828),  Professor  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy at  Edinburgh  University  from  1785  to  1810.  Elements 
of  the  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind,  1792;  Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy,  1793;  General  View  of  the  Progress  of  Metaphysical, 
Ethical,  and  Political  Philosophy,  1816;  The  PJiilosophy  of  the 
Active  and  Moral  Poivers  of  Man,  1828;  biographies  of  William 
Robertson  (1801),  Thomas  Reid  (1803),  and  Adam  Smith 
(1811).  His  own  biography  was  written  by  Sir  William  Ham- 
ilton, The  Life  and  Writings  of  Dugald  Stewart,  1856. 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTIKV.         39 

Thomas  Brown  (1778-1X20),  Professor  of  Moral  Pliilosophy 
at  Edinburgh  University  from  1810  to  1820.  Ohi^errntion.',  on 
Darwin's  Zonnoniia,  1798;  Lectures  on  the  Philoi^ophy  of  the 
Mind,  1820.  His  biography  was  written  by  Dr.  Welsh,  Life  of 
Thomas  Brown,  1825. 

Thomas  Chalmers  (1780-1847),  Professor  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1823  to  1828;  Pro- 
fessor of  Divinity  at  Edinburgh  University  from  1828  to  1843. 
Original  Avorks,  25  vols.,  1836;  posthumous  works,  9  vols., 
1848.  His  biography  has  been  written  by  Dr.  \Vm.  Hanna, 
Life  of  Dr.  Chalmers,  4  vols.,.  1849-1852;  reprinted,  New  York, 
2  vols.,  1878;  and  by  Donald  Eraser,  London  and  New  York, 
1881. 

Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788-1856),  Professor  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics  at  Edinburgh  University  from  1836  to  1856. 
The  Works -of  Thom,as  Reid,  1846;  Lectures  on  Metaphysics 
and  Logic,  edited  by  Mansel  and  Veitch,  1860.  His  biography 
was  written  by  John  Veitch,  1869. 

James  Frederick  Ferrier  (1808-1864),  Professor  of  Moral 
Philosophy  at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1845  to  1864. 
Lnstitutes  of  Metaphysics  :  The  Theory  of  Knowing  and  Being, 
1854;  Jjectures  on  Greek  Philosophy  (with  life  prefixed).  1866. 

James  McCosh  (1811-1894),  Professor  of  Logic  and  Meta- 
physics in  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  from  1851  to  1868;  Pro- 
fessor of  Philosophy  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton, 
from  1868  to  1890.  An  Examination  of  MilVs  Philosophy, 
1866;  Jjogic,  1869;  Christianity  and  Positivism,  1871;  The 
Scottish  Philosophy,  Biographical,  Expository,  and  Critical, 
from  Hutcheson  to  Hamilton,  1874;  The  Development  Hypothe- 
sis, 187  &;  The  Emotions,  18S0;  Psychology,  1SS6;  The  Religious 
Aspect  of  Evolution,  1888;  Tlie  Prevailing  Types  of  Philosophy: 
Can  they  Logically  Reach  Reality?  1890;  Our  Moral  Nature, 
1893;  The  Philosophy  of  Reality,  1894.  His  biography  has 
been  written  by  Professor  Sloan:  LAfe  of  Japies  McCosh,  1896. 

Alexander  Bain  (1818-1903),  Professor  of  Logic  at  Al)er- 
deen  University  from  1860  to  1880.  The  Senses  and  the  Intel- 
lect, 1855;  The  Emotions  and.  the  Will,  1859;  Mental  and  Moral 
Science,  1868;  Logic,  Deductive  and  Inductive,  1870;  Mind  and 
Body:   Theories  of  Their  Relation,  1873. 


40        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

Alexander  Campbell  Fraser  (1819-),  Professor  of  Logic  at 
New  College,  Edinburgh,  from  1845  to  1856;  and  of  Login  and 
Metaphysics  at  Edinburgh  LTniversity  from  1856  to  1891.  Six 
Essays  on  Philosophy,  1856;  Collected  Essays  of  Bishop  Berkeley, 
1871;  Lockers  Essay  on  Human  Understanding,  with  Prolego- 
mena, Notes,  and  Dissertations,  1894;  The  Philosophy  of 
Theism,  1898;   Thomas  Reid,  a  biography,  1898. 

James  Hutchison  Stipllng  (1820-).  The  Secret  of  Hegel, 
being  the  Hegelian  System  in  Origin,  Principle,  Form,  and 
Matter,  1865;  Sir  William  Hamilton,  being  the  Philosophy  of 
Perception,  1865;  As  Regards  Protoplasm,lSQd;  Philosophy  and 
Theology,  Gifford  Lectures,  1890. 

Thomas  Speneep  Baynes  (1823-1887),  Professor  of  Logic 
and  Metaphysics  at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1864  to  1887. 
Port-Royal  Logic,  tr.,  1851;  Essay  on  the  New  Analytic  of 
Logical  Forms,  1850,  regarded  as  the  best  abridgment  of  Hamil- 
ton's philosophy. 

Edward  Caird  (1824-),  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  at 
Glasgow  University  from  1886  to  1893;  Master  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  since  1893.  A  Critical  Account  of  the  Philosophy 
of  Kant,  1S77;  The  Critical  Philosophical  Philosophy  of  Em- 
manuel Kant,  1889;  The  Religion  and  Social  Philosophy  of 
Comte,  1885;  Essays  on  Literature  and  Philosophy,  1892. 

John  Veiteh  (1829-1894),  Professor  of  Logic  and  Metaphys- 
ics at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1860  to  1864;  and  of  Logic 
and  Rhetoric  at  Glasgow  University  from  1864  to  1894.     Des- 
^    cartes^s  Discourse  on  Method,  tr.,  1850;  Descartes^s  Meditations 
and  Selections  from  the  Principles  of  Philosophy,  1853. 

Simon  Somerville  Laurie  (1829-),  Professor  of  the  Insti- 
tutes and  History  of  Education  at  Edinburgh  University  from 
1876  to  1902.  The  Philosophy  of  Ethics,  1866;  Metaphysica 
Nova  et  Vetusta,  by  Scotus  Novanticus,  1884;  Ethica,  or  The 
Ethics  of  Reason,  1885;  Synthetica :  Being  Meditations,  Episte- 
mological  and  Ontoiogical,  1906. 

Henry  Calderwood  (1830-1898),  Professor  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy at  Edinburgh  University  from  1868  to  1898.  The  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Infinite,  1854,  3d  ed.  1874;  Handbook  of  Moral 
Philosophy,   1872;    Relations  of  Mind  and  Brain,  1879;    The 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         41 

RelatioiiH  of  Science  and  Religion,  1881;  Kvolution  ari'l  Mnii''s 
Place  in  Nature,  1893. 

William  Angus  Knig-ht  (iSoG-),  Professor  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1876  to  1892.  Colloquia 
Peripatetica,  or  Deep  Sea  Soundings,  1870;  Studies  in  Philuiyophy 
and  Literature,  1879;  The  Philosophy  of  the  Beautiful,  /^^ 
History  and  Its  Theory,  1893;  Aspects  of  Theism,  1S94;  Tin 
Christian  Ethic,  1894;  editor  of  Philosopliical  ('Uissicn  for 
English  Readers,  15  vols.,  1881-1889. 

John  Clark  Murray  (1836-),  Professor  of  Philosophy  at 
Queen's  University,  Canada,  from  1862  to  1872;  Frothingham 
Professor  of  Philosophy  at  McGill  University,  Montreal,  from 
1872  to  1903.  An  Outline  of  Sir  William  Hamilton's  Philoso- 
phy, 1S70;  Handbook  of  Psychology,  1885;  An  Introduction  to 
Ethics.  1891. 

Robert  Flint  (1838-),  Professor  of  Moral  Philosopliy  at  St. 
Andrews  University  from  1864  to  1876;  and  of  Divinity  at 
Edinburgh  University  from  1876  to  1904.  The  Philosophy  of 
History  in  Etir ope,  1S7 A;  Theism,  1879;  Historical  Philosophy 
in  France,  1894;  Socialism,  1894. 

Thomas  Davidson  (1840-1904).  RosminVs  Philosophical 
System,  1882;  Rosnwii's  Psychology,  1882;  Aristotle  and 
Ancient  Educational  Ideals,  1892.  A  memoir  of  Davidson  has 
recently  been  published  by  Prof.  C.  M.  Bakewell  of  Yale,  late 
of  the  University  of  California. 

John  Watson  (1847-),  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  at 
Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Canada,  since  1872.  Kant 
and  His  English  Critics,  1881;  Sciielling'x  Transcendental 
Idealism,  1882;  The  Philosophy  of  Kant  as  Contained  in 
Extracts  from  His  Own  Writings,  1888;  Comte,  Mill,  and 
Spencer,  1895. 

•Arthur  James  Balfour   (1848-),  Chancellor  of    Edinburgh 
University  since  1891.     A  Defence  of  Philosophic  Doubt,  1879. 

William  Leslie  Davidson  (1848),  Professor  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics  at  Al)erdeen  University  since  1895.  The  Logic  of 
Definition,  1885;  Theism  as  Grounded  in  Human  Nature,  1893; 
A  Philosophy  Centenary:  Reid  and  Campbell,  1896;  Christian 
Ethics,  1899. 


42         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

David  Geopge  Ritchie  (1853-1903),  Professor  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics  at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1894  to  1903. 
Darwinism  and  Politics,  1889;  Darwin  and  Hegel,  1893; 
Natural  Rights,  1895. 

Walter  Smith  (1854-),  Professor  of  Philosophy  at  Lake 
Forest  College,  1888.     Methods  of  Knowledge,  1899. 

Andrew  Seth  Pringle  Pattison  (1856-),  Professor  of  Logic 
and  Philosophy  at  Cardiff  College,  Wales,  from  1883  to  1887; 
of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  at  St.  Andrews  University  from  1887 
to  1891;  and  of  Logic  and  Metaphysics  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity since  1891.  The  Development  from  Kant  to  Hegel,  1882; 
Essays  in  Philosophical  Criticism  (in  conjunction  with  R.  B. 
Haldane),  1883;  Scottish  Philosophy,  a  first  course  of  Balfour 
Lectures,  1889;  Hegelianism  and  Personality,  a  second  course 
of  Balfour  Lectures,  1887;  Man^s  Place  in  the  Cosmos,  1897. 

Robept  Mark  Wenley  (1861-),  Professor  of  Philosophy  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  since  1896;  Associate  Editor  of  the 
Dictionary  of  Philosopthy.  Socrates  and  Christ,  18S9;  Aspects 
of  Pessimism,  1894;  Contemporary  Theology  and  Theism,  1897; 
Introduction  to  Kant,  1897;  Preparation  for  Christianity  in  the 
Ancient  World,  1898. 

VI.     HISTORIANS. 

(A)  General. 

Among  early  historians  of  Scotland  are  John  Fordun  and 
Walter  Bower.  The  Scotichronicon  of  Fordun  was  continued 
by  Bower,  abbot  of  Inchcolm,  who  died  in  1449,  and  has  been 
edited  by  Skene  (Edinburgh,  2  vols.,  1871  72).  It  is  an  indis- 
pensable basis  for  any  treatment  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries.  Hector  Boece,  the  associate  of  Erasmus,  and  Prin- 
cipal of  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  wrote  a  Scotorum  Historise, 
which  appeared  in  1527,  the  year  after  his  death,  and  was 
translated  into  the  vernacular  immediately  thereafter  by 
Archdeacon  Bellenden.  A  modern  edition  of  Bellenden's 
work,  edited  by  Maitland,  came  out  in  two  volumes  at  Edin- 
burgh, early  in  the  century;  and  a  riming  version  of  the 
Historise,  which  had  appeared  in  1535,  done  by  one  William 
Stewart,  was  edited  by  Turnbull,  and  published  at  Edinburgh 
in  1858. 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.         43 

A  much  more  serious  work  than  either  of  the  above  was  the 
Historia  Majoris  Britanniie  of  John  Major  or  Mair  (1470- 
1550).  His  History  of  dreater  Britain^  as  well  Encjland  as 
Scotland,  compiled  from  the  Ancient  Authorities  was  translated 
and  edited  by  A.  Constable  (Edinburgh,  1892).  The  life  of 
the  author,  which  is  prefixed,  is  by  Prof.  .Eneas  J.  (i.  Mackay. 
The  historian  is  noted  for  his  advanced  theological  and  politi- 
cal opinions;  according  to  Professor  Masson,  he  was  "the  first 
Scottish  radical."  The  editor  treats  Mair  sympathetically, 
seeking  to  find  the  relation  which  the  historian  held  t<>  his 
own  times  and  the  times  folloAving. 

In  most  instances,  modern  historians  of  Scotland  have  dis- 
played keen  literary  sympathies.  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Tales  of 
a  Grandfather  long  ranked  as  the  best  history  of  Scotland, 
and  it  is  not  likely  ever  to  be  wholly  superseded.  John  Hill 
Burton,  whose  History  of  Scotland  from  Agricola's  Invasion 
to  the  Revolution  of  1688  appeared  betw^een  1853  and  18(i7,  was 
at  once  an  antiquarian  and  a  literary  man.  He  has  written 
also  The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  David  Hume,  2  vols., 
1846;  Lives  of  Simon,  Lord  Lovat,  and  Duncan  Forbes  of  Cul- 
loden,  1847;  Narrative  of  Criminal  Trials  in  Scotland,  1852; 
The  Scot  Ab7'oad,  1864;  A  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
1877.  His  History  of  Scotland,  in  8  volumes,  1873,  bringing 
the  narrative  down  to  the  Rebellion  of  1845,  is  regarded  as  an 
able,  careful,  and  accurate  work. 

Between  1828  and  1843  appeared  Patrick  Fraser  Ty tier's 
The  History  of  Scotland  from  the  Accession  of  Alexander  III. 
to  the  Union.  His  attempt  to  rehabilitate  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  began  a  literature  which  shows  no  immediate  signs  of 
terminating.  George  Chalmers  had  written  a  Life  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  in  1822.  Tytler  was  followed  by  Mignet's 
Marie  St^^art,  lSo\ ;  Cheruel's  Marie  Stuart  et  Catharine  de 
Medicis,  Paris,  1858;  Wiesener's  Marie  Stuart  et  le  Comte  de 
Bothwell,  Paris,  1863;  John  Hosack's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and 
her  Accusers,  1869;  Agnes  Strickland's  Life  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  1873;  Bekker's  Maria  Stuart,  Darnley,  Bothwell,  Giessen, 
1881;  T.  H.  Henderson's  The  Casket  Letters  and  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  2d  ed.,  Edinburgh,  1890;  H.  Forst's  Maria  Stuart  und 
der  Tod  Darnley's,  Bonn,  1894;  D.  Hay  Fleming's  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  from   her   Birth   to  her  Flight   into   England,  1st  vol., 


44        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

London,  1897.  Mr.  Fleming,  now  Professor  in  the  Free 
Church  College,  Edinbvirgh,  belongs  to  the  ultra-conservative 
Presbyterian  school,  but  his  true-blue  orthodoxy  does  not  warp 
his  veracity  as  a  historian.  Later  works  are  Rait's  Mary 
Queen  of  »S'co^s•  in  Scottish  History  from  C ontem'porary  Writings, 
London,  1900;  Andrew  Lang's  The  Mystery  of  Mary  Stuart, 
2d  ed.,  London,  1901;  and  Samuel  Cowan's  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  and  Who  Wrote  the  Casket  Letters?  2  vols.,  London,  1901. 
Mr.  Cowan,  who  is  editor  of  The  Perthshire  Advertiser,  holds  a 
brief  for  the  Queen.  The  portraits  in  his  vindication  are 
excellent. 

A  "  Historians  of  Scotland  "  series  has  been  launched,  to 
which  Thomas  Innes  contributed  a  History  of  Scotland,  Civil 
and  Ecclesiastical,  1901. 

Another  theme  prolific  in  discussion  is  the  authorship  of 
The  Kingis  Quair;  was  it  written  by  James  the  First,  or  is  it 
a  later  production?  See  Jusserand's  Le  Roman  d'un  Roi 
d'Ecosse,  Paris,  1895;  Rait's  The  Kingis  Quair  and  the  New 
Criticism,  1898.  Robert  Brown  of  Paisley  has  written  impugn- 
ing its  authenticity;  Professor  Veitch,  in  his  History  and 
.Poetry  of  the  Scottish  Border,  takes  the  conservative  side. 

William  Forbes  Skene  (1809-1892),  successor  of  Hill  Burton 
as  Scottish  Historiographer,  1881.  The  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land, 1837;  editions  of  Chronicles  of  the  Picts  and  Scots,  1867, 
and  of  Fordun's  Cronica,  1871;  The  Family  of  Skene  of  Skene, 
1887. 

Two  volumes  have  appeared  of  Hume  Brown's  judicious 
History  of  Scotland,  in  the  Cambridge  series,  bringing  the 
narrative  down  to  the  reign  of  James  VII.  and  the  Revolu- 
tion settlement.  The  author,  who  is  Professor  of  History 
at  Edinburgh  University,  has  edited  Buchanan's  Works  in 
Scots,  and  has  published  special  studies  of  George  Buchanan 
and  John  Knox. 

Andrew  Lang's  three  portly  volumes,  A  History  of  Scotland 
from,  the  Roman  Occupation,  just  completed,  are  a  distinct  con- 
tribution to  literature,  combining  research  and  accurate  schol- 
arship with  literary  charm.  His  hero  is  the  Marquis  of 
Montrose,  a  choice  which  reveals  his  Cavalier  leanings;  and 
he  is  in  the  opposite  camp  from  Mr.  Hay  Fleming.  He  has 
also  written  The  Gowrie  Conspiracy,  Prince  Charles  Edward,  a 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE   NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         45 

luminous  study,  and  The  Companions  of  Pickle  (he  Spy.  His 
recent  biography  of  Knox  has  excited  considerable  antatr- 
onism. 

Other  notable  works  are:  William  Wallace's  The  Srotlaml 
of  Yesterday,  1896;  Craik's  A  Century  of  Hcottinh  History.  1901 ; 
Hume  Brown's  Scotland  Before  1700  from  Contemporary  Docu- 
ments, 1903;  Hume  Brown's  Early  Travellers  in  Scotland,  1891; 
John  Mackintosh's  Hixfori/  of  Civilization  in  Scotland,  4  vols., 
Aberdeen,  1878-1888;  Robert  Chambers's  Domestic  Annah  of 
Scotland  from  the  Reformation  to  the  Revolution,  2  vols.,  Edin- 
burgh, 1858;  Charles  Rogers's  Social  Life  in  Scotland  from 
Early  to  Recent  Times,  Z  vols.,  1884-1886;  John  Cunningliam's 
Church  History  of  Scotland  from  the  Commencement  of  the 
Christian  Era  to  the  Present  Century,  2  vols.,  Edinburgh,  1859; 
George  Griib^s  An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Scotland ,  4  vols.,  1861 ; 
Bellesheim's  History  of  the  Caiholie  Church  in  Scotland,  trans- 
lated by  Hunter  Blair,  4  vols.,  Edinburgh,  1 887-1890;  Stephen's 
History  of  the  Scottish  Church,  2  vols.,  1894-1896;  R.  S.  Rait's 
Outline  of  the  Relations  Between  England  and  Scotland  from 
noo  to  1707  A.  D.,  London,  1901,  and  his  The  Scottish  Parlia- 
ment Before  the  Union  of  the  Crowns,  London,  1901;  Th.  A. 
Fischer's  The  Scots  in  Germany,  Edinburgh,  1902. 

George  Grub  belonged  to  a  group  of  young  men  in  tlie  thir- 
ties who  inherited  strong  Episcopalian  and  nonjuring  tradi- 
tions, which  lingered  in  the  Northeast.  Along  witli  John 
Hill  Burton,  whose  historical  productions  have  been  noticed, 
Joseph  Robertson  and  John  Stuart,  he  was  efficient  in  making 
the  Spalding  Club  favorably  known.  Robertson  and  he  edited 
for  it  Gordon's  History  of  Scots  Affairs.  3  vols.,  1853. 

(B)  Local. 

Local  histories,  of  a  high  literary  standing,  have  been 
numerous.  George  Chalmers's  Caledonia,  1821  (reprinted  in 
1887-94,  7  vols.,  4to,  Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley)  takes  up  Scotland 
by  counties,  and  is  a  work  of  scholarship  and  erudition.  Sir 
William  Eraser's  The  Annandale  Family  Book  of  the  Johnstones, 
and  other  works,  brought  this  style  of  writing  to  perfection, 
and  made  a  fortune,  out  of  which  he  founded  the  t-hair  of 
Ancient  History  and   Archaeology   at   Edinburgh   TJniversity. 


46         SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

now  held  by  P.  Hume  Brown.     The  father  of  the  school  was 
Dr.  Thomas  Thomson  (1768-1852). 

Other  volumes  are:  Ramsa,y^s  Ochtertyre  Papers;  Chalmers's 
Dunfermline;  Sir  Andrew  Agnew's  The  Hereditary  Sheriffs  of 
Galloway;  iEneas  J.  G.  Mackay's  Fifeshire,  an  excellent  work; 
and  Paterson's  Ayrshire.  Dr.  W.  W.  Metcalfe  has  recently 
completed  an  elaborate  history  of  Renfrewshire.  The  great 
publishing  house  of  Blackwood  is  bringing  out  a  series  of  these 
county  histories. 

George  Seton's  The  Seton  Family  was  followed  by  Monsignor 
Seton's  The  Setons  of  Scotland  and  America,  New  York,   1899. 

The  Lives  of  the  Lindsays,  by  the  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Bal- 
carres,  is  excellent. 

The  enterprising  west-country  firm  of  Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley, 
which  published  The  Scottish  Review,  has  sent  out  a  number  of 
parish  histories  written  by  university  men.  Among  these  are 
John  Warwick's  Old  Cumiiock;  A.  M.  Fergusson's  Alex.  Hume, 
the  Poet-Pastor  nf  Logic;  A.  C.  Cameron's  Fettercairn;  Murray's 
Kilmacolm  (1100-1898). 

W.  S.  Crockett's*  The  Scott  Country  (Macmillan,  1900)  is  a 
brilliant  piece  of  literature  of  this  kind.  Scott's  own  Lady  of 
the  Lake,  conspicuous  among  his  writings,  is  a  topographical 
compendium  descriptive  of  Stirling  and  the  Trosachs.  In  no 
country  has  topography  been  more  closely  allied  to  literature 
than  in  Scotland.  The  Scott  Country  has  been  followed  by 
Dougall's  The  Burns  Country  (1903). 

Some  of  the  above  histories  have  dealt  with  place-names, 
notably  Sir  Andrew  Agnew's  book  on  Galloway,  which  came 
out  in  1892.  Other  works  of  more  recent  date  pay  particular 
attention  to  Celtic  and  other  place-names.  Such  are:  W.  J.  N. 
Liddall's  Place-Names  in  Fife  and  Kinross,  1896;  I.  M. 
MacKinlay's  The  Influence  of  the  pre-Reformation  Church  on 
Scottish  Place-Names,  1904;  W.  J.  Watson's  Place-Names  in 
Ross  and  Cromarty,  1904;  and  H.  Cameron  Gillies's  The 
Place-Names  of  Argyle,  David  Nutt,  London,  1906. 


I 


*Minister  of  Tweedsmuir,  and  a  native  of  Berwickshire;  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  Crockett,  the  novelist,  who  is  a  Galloway  man. 


SCOTTISH   LITERATURE  IN   THE   MNETEENTH   CENTURY.         47 

VII.     SCOTTISH    LITLRARY   HISTORY. 
(A)  Native. 

Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  (1804)  a  competent  investi- 
gator, David  Irving,  gave  us  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Poetx,  followed 
in  1839  by  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Writers.  Before  Irving  there 
existed  nothing  but  Dr.  George  Mackenzie's  superficial  Lives 
and  Characteristics  of  the  Most  Eminent  Writers  of  the  Scots 
Nation.     Irving's  works  remain  as  authoritative. 

In  1835  appeared  Robert  Chambers's  A  Biographical  Di.- 
tionary  of  Prominent  Scotsmen,  followed  in  1848  by  liis 
Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature,  in  two  large  volumes,  in 
which  full  attention  is  paid  to  Scottish  writers.  In  both  of 
these  works  he  was  assisted  by  Robert  Carruthers,  a  Dumfries- 
shire man,  educated  at  Edinburgh  University,  who  became 
editor  of  The  Inverness  Courier,  and  gave  that  journal  a  lead- 
ing place  for  its  literary  qualities.  The  Cyclopedia  of  English 
Literature  was  at  once  recognized  as  masterly  in  its  treatment. 
A  new  edition,  in  three  volumes,  edited  by  David  Patrick. 
LL.D.,  has  recently  appeared. 

Professor  Spalding,  an  Aberdeen  University  man,  for  five 
years  Professor  of  Belles-Lettres  at  Edinburgh,  and  Professor 
of  English  Literature  and  Logic  at  St.  Andrews  University, 
published  in  1853  his  History  of  English  Literature,  in  which 
he  devotes  adequate  attention  to  Scottish  literature. 

In  the  year  1884  appeared  a  posthumous  volume  by  Dr.  J.  M. 
Ross,  entitled  Scottish  History  of  Literature  to  the  Period  of 
the  Reformation.  Dr.  Ross  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
staff  of  the  High  School  of  Edinburgh,  and  planned  and 
brought  out  the  Globe  Encyclopedia,  since  incorporated  in 
Chambers's.  In  its  execution  he  had  the  cooperation  of  com- 
petent scholars  connected  with  Edinburgh  University.  His 
history  is  learned  and  able,  and  has  for  aim  to  trace  thi' 
connection  between  Scottish  literature  and  Scottish  history. 
Beginning  at  the  dawn  of  history,  with  the  Scots  and  Picts, 
whom  some  scholars  have  considered  a  pre-Aryan  people,  he 
follows  the  development  of  the  national  life  and  literature  in 
the  Lowlands  down  to  the  time  of  John  Knox.  The  literature 
is  not  treated  from  the  linguistic  side. 

Another  notable  work  is  The  History  of  Scottish   Poetry,  liy 


48         SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTl^RY. 

David  Irving,  LL.D.  Edited  by  John  Aitken  Carlyle,  M.D., 
with  a  memoir  and  glossary.  Edmonston  &  Douglas,  Edin- 
burgh, 1861. 

Principal  J.  Campbell  Shairp  published  in  1877  his  Poetic 
Interpretation  of  Nature;  in  1881,  Aspects  of  Poetry;  and  in 
1887,  Sketches  in  History  and  Poetry. 

Professor  John  Veitch,  of  Glasgow,  published  in  1887  his 
Feeling  for  Nature  in  Scottish  Poetry,  a,nd  in  1893  a  second 
edition  (almost  a  new  work)  of  his  History  and  Poetry  of  the 
Scottish  Border,  which  had  appeared  sixteen  years  before. 

Professor  John  Nichol  contributed  to  Sir  D.  Lindsay's  Minor 
Poems,  published  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  a  Sketch 
of  Scottish  Poetry,  1871. 

G.  Gregory  Smith's  The  Transition  Period  of  European 
Literature  appeared  in  1900. 

The  volumes  of  the  "Famous  Scots"  Series,  published  by 
Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier,  of  Edinburgh,  are  still  appear- 
ing.    They  are  handy  but  somewhat  superficial  biographies. 

In  Hugh  Walker's  Three  Centuries  of  Scottish  Literature 
(2  vols.,  Glasgow,  1895),  nothing  has  been  done  to  bring  out  the 
continuity  of  national  literature.  The  two  volumes  are  rather 
a  series  of  studies,  suitable  for  magazine  purposes,  and  arbi- 
trarily chosen.  The  lack  of  an  index  is  much  to  be  regretted, 
sj  H.  G.  Graham  published  in  1899  his  The  Social  Life  of  Scot- 
land in  the  XVIIIth  Century,  and  three  years  later  Scottish 
Men  of  Letters  in  the  XVIIIth  Century,  both  works  of  value. 

Dr.  John  Mackintosh's  The  History  of  Civilization  in  Scot- 
land (4  vols.,  Paisley,  1903)  devotes  chapters  to  a  systematic 
treatment  of  the  literature;  but  they  are  somewhat  lacking  in 
perspective.  The  work  is  a  "monument  of  learning  and 
patient  patriotic  industry." 

The  latest  and  most  considerable  contribution  of  a  sys- 
tematic kind  to  Scottish  literary  history  is  John  Hepburn 
■(k  Millar's  The  Literature  of  Scotland  (Scribner's,  1903).  This 
portly  volume  is  a  companion  to  Barrett  Wendell's  A  Literary 
History  of  the  United  States  and  Douglas  Hyde's  A  Literary 
History  of  Ireland.  Mr.  Millar  is  the  son  of  one  Scottish 
Judge,  Lord  Craighill,  and  grandson  of  another  more  famous. 
Lord  Neaves,  himself  a  poet.  He  is  therefore  in  the  historic 
line  of  the  best  Edinburgh  traditions  which  give  us  the  main 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         49 

current  of  Scottish   literary  production.     Educated   at   Edin- 
burgh Academy,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  he  is  now  lec- 
turer on  International  Law  at  Edinburgh  University.     In  the 
field  covered  by  Edinburgh  and  her  interests,  he  is  strong,  and 
there  his  biographic  touches  are  incisive  and  informing.     Tlie 
founding   of     The   Edinburgh    Revieiv,   and    its    career    with 
Francis  Jeffrey   as    pilot   for    nearly    thirty   years— with    liis 
odious  would-be-English  accent,  his  French  virtues  and  limi- 
tations, his  devotion  to  the  artistic,  his  crude  sentimentality  — 
are  excellently  told.    iNlillar's  three  great  Scotchmen  are  Hume, 
Burns,    and    Scott.      He  leaves  out  James  Thomson,  James 
Boswell,  and  Thomas  Carlyle,  the  Sage  of  Chelsea,  because  he 
considers  them  essentially  English   in   their  appeal;  but  the 
excuse  will  only  hold  because  his  pages  are  limited  to  one  vol- 
ume.    He  is  acquainted  with  Scottish   publications  like  those 
of  the    Maitland,  Bannatyne,    New    Spalding,    and    Spalding 
Clubs,  and  of  the    Spottiswoode,  Woodrow,  Scottish  History, 
and   Scottish   Text    Societies.     With   the  publications  of    the 
great  houses  of  Blackwood,  Chambers,  and  other  Edinburgh 
firms  he  is  also,  well  acquainted.     Beginning  his   literary  his- 
tory with  the  lines  on  Alexander  III.'s  death,  found  in  Wyn- 
toun's  Cronykil,  he  is  in  line  with  Courthope  and    the  Oxford 
school.     There  is  an  intolerance  of  "  viewy"  problems  of  racial 
sources  in  literature;  and  the  opening  paragraj)!!   is  llippant, 
where   he   talks   of  Goidhelic   Celts,  Brythonic  Celts,  Saxons, 
Angles,    and    Norsemen    all    working    up   in    one    "delicious 
gravy,  as  the  author  of  the  Jolly  Sandboys  would  say."     Celtic 
literature  he  explicitly  ignores;  the  Celtic  problem,  so  dear  to 
Professor  Veitch,  has  no  attractions  for  him.     To  only  Hoo  of 
the  four  elements  in  Scottish   life  and   literature  does   he  do 
justice:  the  hereditary-romantic,  as  represented  by  Scott  and 
Lady   Nairne,  and    the    legal-philosophical-latitudinarian,    as 
represented  by  the  founders  of   The  Edinburgh   Rerieir.     He 
seems    to  know  but  little  of  the  West  Scots  dialect,  nor  does 
he  do  justice  to  Glasgow,  Paisley,  and  Strathclyde  generally. 
With  comparative  literature  he  has  but  an  amateur's  acquaint- 
ance.    Indeed,    he   himself    complains   of    the    absence   of   a 
literary  class  per  se  in  Scotland  and  its  capital;  literary  men 
drift  to    London,    and    literature    remains    amateurish.     He 
shares  with  other  members  of   tlie  Scottish  Text   Society  an 

4 — SL 


50        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

intense  dislike  of  the  "  Kailyard  "  school,  of  Ian  Maclaren, 
S.  R.  Crockett,  and  J.  M.  Barrie,  and  is  wholly  unsympathetic 
to  the  modern  Evangelical  school  represented  by  Dr.  George 
Adam  Smith,  and  the  late  Professors  Henry  Drummond  and 
Balmain  Bruce.  The  account  given  of  the  founding  and  con- 
duct of  literary  enterprises  like  The  Edinburgh  Review,  Black- 
wood's, and  the  Scots  Observer  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired. 

(B)   Foreign  Contributions. 

For  the  greater  part  of  the  century  Frenchmen  fought  shy 
of  Scotland  and  its  interests.  And  yet  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
romances  are  not  only  popular  in  France,  but  have  been  so 
widely  read  in  translations  as  to  become  classics,  and  in  out- 
of-the-way  French  towns  a  volume  of  Scott  in  French  can 
always  be  bought.  Michel  and  others  have  made  some  contri- 
butions to  Scottish  history. 

M.  Jusserand,  now  French  minister  at  Washington,  has 
published  some  highly  interesting  works:  Jacques  Premier 
d^Ecosse  Fut-il  Poetef;  Histoire  litteraire  du  peuple  anglais  des 
origines  a  la  renaissance,  etc.,  etc. 

In  1893  appeared  Angellier's  Robert  Burns,  Sa  Vie  et  Ses 
Ouvrages  (2  vols.     Hachette,  Paris). 

Professor  Schipper  of  Vienna  has  produced  an  admirable 
edition  of  the  works  of  William  Dunbar  (1892-94). 

Horstmann's  edition  of  Barbour's  Legend  of  the  Saints 
appeared  at  Heilbronn  in  1885. 

Dr.  Hans  Hecht  of  Berlin,  now  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  is 
at  work  on  Herd's  Remains.  This  is  in  the  sphere  of  ballad 
poetry. 

At  Halle,  in  1893,  appeared  Tundale,  das  mittelenglische 
gedicht  iiber  die  Vision  des  Tundalus;  written  in  northern 
English. 

A  companion  to  Fischer's  The  Scots  in  Germany  is  Francisque 
Michel's  Les  Ecossais  en  France  et  les  Fran^ais  en  Ecosse.  (2 
vols.     Trlibner  &  Co.,  London,  1862.) 


SCOTTISH    LITEKATl'RE   IN    THE   NlxXETtLM  11    (  K.NTl  KV.         51 

VIII.     CELTIC  LITLRATURL   IN  SCOTLAND. 

While  Celtic  literature  was  active  in  the  first  decade  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  what  is  known  as  the  Celtic  movement  did 
not  begin  till  the  second  half.  In  the  year  1856.  William 
Sharp,  a  Glasgow  man  who  became  active  in  London  literary 
circles,  appeared  as  its  apostle.  In  1882  Donald  Mackinnon 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Celtic  Languages  at  Edinburgh 
University. 

The  following  are  notable  works: 

Wm.  Sharp's  Lyra  Celtica.  London,  185B.  (His  (hsinn, 
1896,  is  the  handiest  edition  of  the  poet.) 

The  Dean  of  Lismore's  Book,  a  selection  of  ancient  (Taelic 
poetry.     Edmonston  &  Douglas,  Edinburgh,  18()2. 

J.  F.  Campbell's  Leabhar  na  Feinne.  This  is  an  account  of 
the  Dean  of  Lismore's  successors.     1872. 

Skene's  Celtic  Scotland.  Edinburgli,  1876-80.  The  author 
gives  material  for  discussing  the  Scottish  origin  of  the  Merlin 
myths,  insisted  upon  by  Professor  Veitch.  He  has  also  written 
The  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  1837;  Chronicles  of  the  Picts  and 
Scots,  1868;  and  the  Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wales,  1868. 

Gaelic  Bards  from  1411  to  1715.  Edited  by  Rev.  A.  Maclean 
Sinclair.  This  forms  a  volume  in  The  Glenhard  Collection  of 
Gaelic  Poetry,  1890. 

Villemarque's  Myrdhinn  ou  V  Enchanteur  Merlin,  son  hist  aire, 
ses  ceiixires,  son  infvence. 

Ultonian  Hero- Ballads.  Edited  by  Hector  MacLean.  Glas- 
gow, 1892. 

Culture  in  Early  Scotland.  Edited  by  D.  Mackinnon. 
Williams  &  Norgate,  London,  1892.  Professor  MackiniKui 
uses  the  facts  of  archaeology  to  interpret  the  social  conditions 
of  the  people  up  to  the  eighth  century. 

J.  F.  Campbell's  Popular  Tales  of  th-e  West  Highlands. 
(Reprint.)     4  vols.     Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1893. 

McTaggart's  Mackinnonand  the  Bar(h  of  the  West  Hiyhlanib. 
Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier,  Edinburgh,  1898. 

.J.  F.  Campbell's  The  Fians.  West  Highland  Traditions  of 
Finn  McCwnihail.     D.  Nutt,  London,  1898. 

D'Arbois  de  Jubainville's  La   Civilization  des  Celts  et  relic 


52        SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

(le  I'epnpee    Homerique.      In    Cours    de    Litterature    Celtique. 
Paris,  1899. 

Professor  John    Rhys's    Rhind   Lectures,   dealing  with  the 
Arthurian  legends,  the  spread  of  Gaelic,  and  the  early  peo- 
ples of  Scotland,  were  published  in  1891.    His  Celtic  Britain 
appeared  in  1882,  and  again  in  1884. 
-y^     .1.  G.  Campbell's  Snjjerstitions  of  the  Highlands  and  Islands 

of  Scotland.     MacLehose,  Glasgow,  1899. 
J  .1.  G.  Campbell's  Waifs  and  Strays  of  Celtic  Tradition.     (In 

Lord  A.  Campbell's  "Argyleshire  Series.")     1900. 

History  of  the  Highlands  and  Gaelic  Scotland,  by  Dugald 
Mitchell,  M.D.  Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1900.  Dr.  Mitchell's 
boot;  gives  a  condensed  surv^ey  of  Gaelic  literature.  It  is  a 
good  and  handy  compendium. 

Tlic  Poetry  of  Badenoch.  Collected  and  edited,  with  transla- 
tions, introductions,  and  notes,  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Sinton, 
Minister  of  Dores.  Inverness,  1906.  Mr.  Sinton  is  a  St. 
Andrews  University  graduate,  and  came  under  the  teaching 
and  personal  influence  of  Principal  J.  C.  Shairp,  who  would 
have  warmly  appreciated  the  book. 

Short  History  of  the  Scottish  Highlands  and  Isles.  By  W.  C, 
Mackenzie.     Alex.  Gardner,  Paisley,  1906. 

The  founding  of  the  Celtic  chair  at  Edinl)urgh  University 
was  largely  due  to  the  efforts  of  John  Stuart  Blackie,  who  took 
a  great  interest — of  a  somewhat  boyish-amateur  kind — in 
Celtic  matters.  J.  Campbell  Shairp,  of  St.  Andrews  Univer- 
sity, in  his  Aspects  of  Poetry,  has  an  interesting  chapter  on 
Celtic  literature,  and  his  own  poems  dwell  on  Celtic  themes. 
The  late  Duke  of  Argyle  paid  attention  to  Celtic  things — (see 
his  various  magazine  articles) — showing  the  strong  Scandina- 
vian element  in  the  Scottish  highland  aristocracy,  etc.  The 
Marquis  of  Bute,  who  was  the  chief  pillar  of  The  Scottish 
Reriew  (1883-1900),  published  at  Paisley  by  Alex.  Gardner, 
also  was  interested,  as  a  Stuart,  in  things  Celtic.  An  excellent 
handy  volume,  dealing  with  one  phase  of  historic  Gaelic  life  is 
Tlie  Scottish  Clans  and  Their  Tartans  (W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston, 
Edinburgh  and  London). 


SCOTTISH  LITERATURE  IN   THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY.         ')'.i 

IX.     CONCLUSION. 

Many  of  the  works  mentioned  above  and  necessary  for  a 
thorough  study  of  Scottish  literature  have  not  yet  found  their 
way  into  the  library  of  the  University  of  California.  An 
appeal  will  be  made  from  time  to  time  to  snoifties  and  indi- 
viduals in  the  State  of  California  to  add  sue  li  \wlLimes  as  will 
make  the  collection  worthy  of  consultatioii,  and  of  service  to 
research  in  a  literature  that  is  peculiarly  dear  to  American 
households.  Real  headway  has  already  been  made,  and  con- 
tinuous efforts  will  certainly  bring  about  the  desired  result. 
It  is  hoped  that  in  a  few  years  the  University  of  California 
may  be  able  to  offer  advantages  for  close  and  accurate  study 
in  Knox,  Allan  Ramsay,  Burns,  Scott,  Stevenson,  etc. — in  the 
great  poetic,  ecclesiastical,  critical  and  historical  movements — 
that  shall  be  on  a  })ar  with  anything  to  be  found  outside  of 
Scotland. . 


University  of  California 

SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

305  De  Neve  Drive  -  Parking  Lot  17  •  Box  951388 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA  90095-1388 

Return  this  material  to  the  library  from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


^hN  1 5  2002 


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